Integrated Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Integrated - Research Paper Example Every country has an art that belongs to their cultures. It is amazing to face the fact that they are all different and varies to the places they are located inside the globe. Japan, China and American Indian have different kinds of art and it is exciting to scrutinize each one of them, how they are related and the contrasts between their arts. This brief should answer the issue whether the differences of their art affect their relationships as a human being living in only one planet, the Earth. I choose to discuss this topic because I find the art of these three countries amazing and very unique. The art of Japan and China have a big influence to one another considering the fact they both belong to the yellow race and located both in Asia and American Indian art in the western part of the globe but could this influence the other two countries from Asia or vice versa? Japan, China, and American Indian art The art of each country is a reflection of its history and it changes on its ev ery transitions and periods. Each of them also has an effect to the world and there are cases where in arts of certain countries are adopted by its neighboring countries or even countries by the other side of the world. Paintings are very popular to these three countries and the only difference is the themes applied because this primarily depends in their respective history. Some arts that they have in common are Pottery, Sculptures, Carvings, Philosophy, Poetry, music, theatre, literature (Mark Schumacher, 2010). Japan and China The Dragon art originated in China and it symbolizes as the protector of the Buddhist Law. Imperial Power, Guardian of the Eastern Direction, etc. This art has a positive attributes to the Chinese. The dragon Art of Japan also originated in China. We can see and realized that the two countries, Japan and China share the same art considering that they are two different countries with two different cultures. And in fact, this art is very popular among the Asi an countries. It is believed that the enemy of the dragon is the Phoenix and a man known creature to be known as the Karura. In contrast to Western mythology, Asian dragons are considered wicked and malicious because it is said to transform to human and mate with human being. And also in the Western Mythology, dragons are considered an ordinary thing although sometimes fearful but it can bring them wealth and good fortune. There are also instances in the Western countries that the immortals are fighting to the bad dragons that are the reason why dragons from the western part of the glove are considered foreign ones by the Japanese and the Chinese. In China, The wisdom of dragon already exists even before Buddhism is introduced. Around 2nd century BC when the Dragon art was found curved on the tomb to dispel the bad spirits and it is also during this time that Buddhism is introduce to China. Until then that the dragon is considered as the protector of Various Buddha’s and its law. Both in China and Japan, dragon is use in temple names, carvings, painted on the assembly halls, etc (ChinaAbsolute Tours). Chinese history is 4000 years old, in comparison to the other cultures in the world, it isconsidered to be superior especially when it comes to technical perfection. It is considered that the Japan art is copied from China. It is the Buddhist Monk that introduces the Chinese art

Organizational Theory Design and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Organizational Theory Design and Change - Essay Example Some factors arising from the organization’s structure and culture that assign subunits varying degree of power are as follows: An organization fundamentally gets hold of resources from the environment. Therefore, the subunit that assumes greater control over the organizational resources, retains greater power as compared to other subunits, that so not have as strong a hold over them. In addition to the organizational resources, a subunit’s approach to the strategic information and its control of it are the cardinal sources of its authority. Subunits assuming a central responsibility to the flow of resources are able to minimize the vagueness that other subunits face (Jones). Therefore, any subunit that is able to control an organization’s principal sources causing uncertainty retains considerable power, though, as the contingencies an organization faces change, the distribution of power between individual subunits changes. Besides, if a subunit assumes such a ro le in the organization’s structure that no other subunit can play, then it becomes vital for the organization’s success. Such a subunit becomes quite nonsubstitutable, in comparison to other subunits, that may be meddled with or replaced as per the need of the hour. Works cited: Jones, Gareth. Organizational Theory, Design, and Change. 6th ed. NJ: Prentice Hall.  2007.

Management Essay Example for Free

Management Essay Ny organization, whether new or old, small or big, requires certain methods, procedures and plans in place for its efficient functioning. For this to happen, they must develop and implement management concepts which help them implement their vision for the future of the organization. Index Planning Organizing Directing/Leading Controlling Staffing The Fifth Function The concept of functions of management was put forth by Henri Fayol, a management theorist from France, influential in proposing many of the management concepts in use today. Originally, he had proposed five management functions; amely, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Modern texts have reduced the functions from five to four. They include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The four concepts of management, translated into functions lead to the creation of a cohesive organization. They can be seen here as a diagram. It is interesting to note that there is no hard and fast rule to be followed in the application of these functions, as management is a real-time decision-making system, any of these functions can be operational in conjunction with any other and also as ndependent entities themselves. Planning is the foundation pillar of management. It is the base upon which all other areas of management are built. Planning requires administration to assess where the company presently is and where it would be in the coming years. From there, an appropriate course of action is determined and implemented to attain the companys goals and objectives. Planning is an unending course of action. There may be sudden strategies required to be implemented during a crisis. There are external factors that constantly affect a company, both positively and negatively. Depending on the conditions, a company may have to alter its course of action regarding certain goals. This kind of preparation or arrangement is known as strategic planning. In strategic planning, management analyzes internal and external tactors that may affect the company, its objectives and goals. One of the primary tools of strategic planning is the use of SWOT Analysis, a technique that helps organizations find their strengths and weaknesses, identify areas of opportunity and take preventive measures against threats arising from both internal and external environmental factors.

Functional Role of Neurogenesis in Humans

Functional Role of Neurogenesis in Humans Self-renewing stem-like cells in the adult hippocampus have captured the imagination of neuroscientists and clinicians for decades. Unfortunately, there have been relatively few studies investigating the functional role of AHN in humans. Throughout this thesis, I have described a number of studies in which we undertook the challenge of identifying indirect correlates of AHN in humans as well as elucidating the functional role of adult-born granule cells in everyday memory. We accomplished this by assessing various lifestyle- and blood-based factors known to influence neurogenesis from the animal literature and comparing these factors to behavioural performance on tasks which tested the proposed roles for AHN in learning and memory. There has been much speculation regading the functional role of neurogenesis in humans. Computational modellers and theorists have proposed several distinct roles for AHN in cognition based on what is known of their location in the brain, functional connectivity with surrounding regions and physiological poperties. Some have proposed that the constant turnover of newborn cells in the hippocampus would allow memory storage for novel events, while avoiding interference with older memories, a computational process termed pattern separation (Becker et al., 2005; Chambers and Conroy, 2007; Appleby and Wiskott, 2009; Becker et al., 2009; Weisz and Argibay, 2009; Aimone and Gage, 2011). However, events occurring close together in time may be subject to enhanced interference because the same population of cells would be firing in response to each event encountered. This process of increasing interference between events occurring close together in time is referred to as pattern integration (A imone et al., 2006). Indeed, some studies have shown paradoxical improvements in working memory tasks following ablation of neurogenesis (Saxe et al., 2007). However, working memory circuits outside of the hippocampus may be responsible for such improvements. Across short timescales, the majority of behavioural evidence from rodents has actually demonstrated that the role for neurogenesis in cognition, although seemingly widespread, converges on one function in particular. The formation of context-shock associations is impaired in animals lacking neurogenesis (Saxe et al., 2006; Winocur et al., 2006; Imayoshi et al., 2008; Warner-Schmidt et al., 2008; Wojtowicz et al., 2008; Hernandez-Rabaza et al., 2009; Ko et al., 2009; Guo et al., 2011; Nakashiba et al., 2012; Pan et al., 2012b), especially when the shock is relatively weak or training paradigm relatively short (Drew et al., 2010; Pan et al., 2012a, 2013). Animals lacking neurogenesis are also impaired at discriminating between o verlapping odor pairs (Luu et al., 2012) or between nearby, but not far apart spatial locations (Clelland et al., 2009). In contrast, upregualting neurogenesis via aerobic exercise or genetic manipulation has been shown to increase AHN and leads to enhanced behavioural pattern separation or CFC performance (Creer et al., 2010; Sahay et al., 2011; Kohman et al., 2012). While it seems like a wide-variety of tasks require adult-born granule cells, many, if not all of these tasks require overcoming interference. All of these tasks require the animal to form separate representations of similar stimuli, regardless of whether the stimuli are different contexts, objects, spatial locations or odours. This is why I say that AHN is required for a wide-variety, yet specific set of memory tasks. The behavioural requirements of tasks shown to depend on neurogenesis have differed substantially, but the psychological construct shown to rely on AHN has been fairly consistent. Neurogenesis may further help separate similar events occurring over longer time periods (Becker, 2005; Aimone et al., 2006; Becker and Wojtowicz, 2007). A distinct pool of newborn neurons would help to add a degree of contextual novelty to similar events that are separated by a sufficient amount of time. Without new cells being added to the hippocampal network, the same populations of cells would end up reperesenting multiple different memories, leading to catastrophic interference (Wiskott et al., 2006). This account of the role for neurogenesis in learning and memory has generally been reffered to as the memory retention hypothesis throughout this thesis. In contrast, others have proposed that the addition of newborn cells to the hippocampus would result in existing connections being altered in such a way that information is lost (Feng et al., 2001; Deisseroth et al., 2004; Frankland et al., 2013). This account of the role for neurogenesis in learning and memory has generally been referred to as the memory clearance hypothesis throughout this thesis. Behavioural evidence from non-human animal studies has supported the memory retention hypothesis, especially for spatial or context-rich memories. For instance, rodents with ablated neurogenesis display marked deficits in remembering the platform locaton following MWM training across long, but not short timescales (Snyder et al., 2005; Deng et al., 2009; Jessberger et al., 2009; Kitamura et al., 2009; Inokuchi, 2011; Pan et al., 2012a, 2012b, 2013). In contrast, some studies have shown impaired long-term retention of fear memories in younger mice with relatively high rates of neurogenesis compared to their older counterparts (Akers et al., 2012). When older mice had wheel-running- or antidepressant drug-induced enhancement of neurogenesis, they were impaired on tests of remote memory compared to control mice (Akers et al., 2014). Therefore, it would seem that behavioural evidence from rodents has also supported the memory clearance hypothesis. The persistence or clearance of memories as a result of ongoing neural turnover in the DG may depend on the type of memory. There is evidence to suggest that spatial memories are always dependent on the hippocampus (Snyder et al., 2005; Deng et al., 2009; Jessberger et al., 2009). For these memories that are permanently hippocampal-dependent, AHN may help keep overlapping events disctinct from one another, thereby promoting long-term retention of the original memory. On the other hand, fear memories may be supported by regions outside of the hippocampus (Kitamura et al., 2009). Thus, for those memories that can be supported by extrahippocampal structures, AHN may accelerate the process of systems consolidation (Kitamura et al., 2009), shifting the dependence of the memory from the hippocampus to neocortical regions (McClelland et al., 1995; Squire and Alvarez, 1995; Maviel et al., 2004; Squire and Bayley, 2007). While animal studies have provided val uable clues as to the importance of AHN in learning and memory, it has nonetheless become apparent that studying the functional role of neurogenesis directly in humans is the critical next step that must be taken in order to alleviate some of the confusion generated in non-human animal studies. In the set of studies that comprise this thesis, we have demonstrated that change in aerobic capacity following chronic physical activity correlates with change in performance on a putatively neurogenesis-dependent visual pattern separation task. On the other hand, stress and depression scores had opposing effects on behavioural pattern separation performance. Importantly, neither exercise response nor depression scores predicted performance on other trial types within the BPS-O, repeated or novel items, nor the visuo-spatial CANTAB ® PAL task. We have also shown that lower stress and depression scores are associated with improved visual object recognition on repeated items following a two-week delay from the study phase. Further, on two-week delayed retention tests, participants scored near chance at identifying lures as â€Å"similar†, regardless of stress and depression levels. Interestingly, they more often misclassified these items as â€Å"new†, as opposed to â €Å"old†. Our results provide indirect evidence from human participants that AHN is important for pattern separation across shorter delays, while contributing to the persistence of memories for repeated items across extended time intervals. Future studies could explicitly test the memory clearance hypothesis in humans by measuring recognition memory across longer timescales with a pro-neurogenic intervention, such as long-term exercise, in between study and test. Pattern separation and memory retention (or clearance) may be coexisting phenomena. The addition of immature neurons to the hippocampus may at first bias the network towards pattern separation, as opposed to pattern completion, thereby reducing interference between events (Yassa and Reagh, 2013). In turn, the amount of pattern separation may decide what information will be subject to reconsolidation and what information will be cleared (Yassa and Reagh, 2013). Reconsolidation is the process whereby an existing memory becomes susceptible to change. If an event is considered similar, but not the same as, a previously stored event then the original memory may be modified to accommodate the discrepent information. Thus, the constant addition of adult-born neurons to the hippocampus may serve as a means of adding contextual information to existing memories. However, the original memory may be altered so drastically during reconsolidation that it is no longer accessible (essentially cleare d), depending on the amount of interference between the original memory and the novel event. Indeed, a number of computational models predict that the addition of newborn neurons to an existing circuit would hinder retrieval of previously stored memories (Deisseroth et al., 2004; Weisz and Argibay, 2009, 2012). On the other hand, if two events are considered one in the same, then information may be strengthened, although more generalized in nature. As these adult-born neurons that once contributed to pattern integration or pattern separation continue to mature and establish new synaptic connections with the pre-existing circuitry, they may destabilize previously established memories in the hippocampus, leading to the loss of previously stored information (Josselyn and Frankland, 2012; Frankland et al., 2013; Yassa and Reagh, 2013). In turn, the clearance of older memories would make room for new ones and the newborn neurons would become part of the physical storage site for new memo ries (Josselyn and Frankland, 2012). Thus, both processes may be beneficial in their own way. Whether or not memory clearance is a benefit or detriment to memory performance really depends on the relative importance of information is being cleared. Correlates of Neurogenesis in Humans and Animals Neurogenesis is down-regulated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, so being able to characterize AHN in vivo is critical for better disease prevention and/or treatment. Unfortunately, there is no way to non-invasively quantify newborn cells in the living human hippocampus. Therefore, it has been difficult to improve our understanding of how neurogenesis influences the onset or recovery from certain disorders associated with downregulated neurogenesis, such as depression. In addition, we cannot assess the specific contribution of newborn neurons to learning and memory.

Understanding Hypnosis Essay -- Hypnotherapy

I feel it useful to provide a definition of hypnotherapy as well as hypnosis before moving on and answering this question of this essay. Linnenkamp Doyle writes, ‘hypnotherapy is the use of hypnosis to treat disease’ something that she documents in her case study. This medical idea of hypnosis needs further exploration in terms of how it has evolved and sparked debate amongst medical and dental practitioners. Four very significant hypnotherapists are arguably Mesmer, Braid, Esdaile and Elliotson, all putting emphasis on the medical aspect of hypnotherapy. Mesmer, for example, devoted his 1779 27 Propositions concerning animal magnetism. Closer to modern day, in his book Hypnotherapy, Dave Elman not only concentrates on relaxation (a topic which is relevant in this essay), but also puts forward the fundamental medical idea of hypnosis, specifically concentrating on factors such as the use of anesthesia in subjects of hypnosis before they have dental or medical procedures. This medical and dental use of hypnosis, which provides the transition from hypnosis to hypnotherapy, also introduced the related problem of people falsely claiming to have special skills in this area. For Instance, D Zimmerman, chairman of the council for medical and dental hypnosis, wrote to the British Medical Journal in 1968, expressing concerns that ‘hypnotherapeutic charlatans’ had been invading and jeopardizing medical and dental procedures. Zimmerman writes that ‘it has been brought to the notice of this Society that courses in hypnotherapy are being offered to medical and dental practitioners by persons who hold no recognized professional qualifications’. Zimmerman adds to this a request for the validation of the official society for medical and d... ...s identified, analyzed, and made me understand the various definitions of hypnosis. It has also demonstrated the psychological and physiological effects to the role of relaxation. Works Cited Hypnotherapy: A Handbook Michael Heap and Windy Dryden (Milton Keynes: Open University Press) Hypnotherapy Dave Elman (New York: Westwood Publishing, 1983) Hidden Depths: The Story of Hypnosis Robin Waterfield (New York: Brunner-Routledge, 2003) The British Medical Journal, ‘Hypnotherapy’ D Zimmerman (Vol. 3, No. 5616 (Aug. 24, 1968), p. 501) Hypnotherapy A Practical Handbook Helmut Karle and Jennifer Boys, (New York: Free Association Books, 1987) http://web.archive.org/web/20040710162753/http://www.unbf.ca/psychology/likely/readings/mesmer.htm Franz Mesner (27 Propositions, 1779) http://www.brainandhealth.com/Brain-Waves.html

Massage Therapy Reduces Anxiety and Enhances EEG Patterns of Alertness

So many people in the world talk about how beneficial massage can be and that it makes you feel more relaxed. They say that if you receive massage, even just once a month, that it could help you in many different aspects of your life, such as helping depression, lessening anxiety, becoming more relaxed more often, and that it can help you become less stressed in your day to day life. In this research study, the researchers hypothesize that massage would have an effect on anxiety, depression, and alertness. The objective was to show that massage can reduce anxiety, depression, and stress by testing cortisol level and increase alertness by comparing EEG patterns by math computations. This research study is a quantitative research. Most massage therapy studies are a qualitative research instead of a quantitative. In a qualitative research, the results are based on what people felt and their personal experiences. The people in the study record how or what they felt, and then the researchers compare and analyze pre-massage, post-massage, and with other subjects’ information. Since massage therapists effect how people feel, qualitative is normally the best type of research for the massage therapy field. In a quantitative research, the variables can be measured and analyzed, like people’s cortisol levels and EEG patterns. In this study, there is some qualitative research, because they do ask questions like how stressed you felt and how depressed you felt. You can’t truly compare someone’s stress level with a simple questionnaire sheet. Everyone can tolerate different levels of stress and different types of stress. The researchers observed and compared anxiety, depression, stress, and alertness. They used 5 different variables to tes... ... a chair is not going to help too much with their whiplash. Of course, many people don’t know all the benefits of the different types of massage, but that is why we educate our clients and the people around us, or at least the ones who will listen to us. Massage therapists should constantly read up on new studies and educate their clients with information like this. It really helps massage therapy become a more respectable reputation. Research studies back up and help prove theories of massage. This study shows that even a short session of massage therapy can really have an impact on your moods and lifestyle. So why not try a massage? Works Cited Tiffany Field, Gail Robinson, Frank Scafidi, Tom Nawrocki, and Alex Goncalves (1996) Massage Therapy Reduces Anxiety and Enhances EEG Pattern of Alertness and Math Computations, International Journal of Neuroscience

Emma Woodhouse and Mr. Woodhouse Analysis

Both Emma Woodhouse and her father have a good deal of sway over the lives and affairs of the other members of their community. In the first scene of the book, we learn that Mr. Woodhouse finds homes for maids in other households, while Emma does essentially the same for her acquaintances, in attempting to pair them off with husbands and wives. The narrator presents this overzealous concern for other people's well being as an entirely harmless characteristic, in Mr. Woodhouse at least. While his intrusions into the personal lives of even non-family relations and frequent effusions of worry are bothersome to readers and characters alike, Mr. Woodhouse never actually does anyone the slightest bit of real or lasting harm. Read also Analysis of Characters in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† Even Mr. John Knightley cannot stay mad at him for very long. Emma, on the other hand, is capable of doing real personal damage, and her wilful intrusions into the lives of her acquaintance are presented as arrogant presumption – her character's major flaw: â€Å"The real evils of Emma's situation [are] the power of having rather too much of her own way, and a disposition to think a little too well of herself. † (4) The key difference between her acts of presumption and those of her father is that she has a stronger will and mind than he. Her actions are therefore not only more harmful to others but also more conscious and deliberate. Though she may, like her father, be acting out of good intentions, she is fully aware of the ways in which she manipulates. Emma not only sees that she is molding Harriet's weaker mind, she understands how best to do it. If awareness makes her more responsible for her actions than the fumbling Mr. Woodhouse, it also increases the distance she has to fall when she acts irresponsibly. Because Emma's station is the highest in her social circle, her machinations go largely unchecked, but for the rebukes of Mr. Knightley. The standard of goodness in the book and its moral compass, Mr Knightley's criticism is the narrator's way of alerting us to Emma's faults. After all, social protocol forbids anyone else from attempting such criticism. The fact that Knightley practices great forbearance with Mr. Woodhouse but takes exception to most of Emma's doings highlights the differences in each charact er's culpability. In short, Mr. Woodhouse is excused because he cannot help his effrontery, while Emma is not because she can. The distinction is related to each character's flexibility: Mr. Woodhouse is the most stagnant character of the book, while Emma is the one most capable of growth. Given Mr. Woodhouse's profound fear of change, it seems pointless to try to mend his flaws at this late age. Emma however, possesses the mental and spiritual instruments, which, applied correctly, and could bring her to a near-perfect existence, elevating her actions and awareness to a par with her social status. The work of the novel, and of Mr. Knightley himself, is to instil in Emma the humility that she lacks and help her evolve so as to become worthy of him, not only socially but also morally. The book's final â€Å"happy union† (448) is a sign that Emma has achieved that end. Unlike Emma, whose vibrancy of person and strength of intellect substantiate her claims to social prowess, Mr. Woodhouse's power derives solely from his landed status. In Emma and Knightley's first conversation, we are told that Mr. Woodhouse understands â€Å"but in part;† (5) as a person and a character he is static, lacking in awareness, and defined wholly by his limitations. People defer to Mr. Woodhouse's fortune and subsequent social standing rather than his intellect or any belief in his being right. The hypochondriac worries that he imposes on others are rarely given any credence because Mr. Woodhouse is never perceived as capable of solid reasoning. In fact, common sense almost always stands in opposition to Mr. Woodhouse's concerns. The likelihood of anyone getting trapped at Randall's on Christmas Eve because of half an inch of snow is not particularly high, yet the party is broken up early all the same. Everyone is quick to do Mr. Woodhouse's bidding, no matter how silly the cause. Such power, to make people act entirely counter to their own sense of reason, could be dangerous if put into more potent hands. Luckily Mr. Woodhouse would never deliberately manipulate anyone; in fact, he is shown to be quite harmless. In expressing his personal displeasure at his daughter Isabella's going to a particular seaside resort, he actually twists the truth, â€Å"attributing many of his own feelings and expressions† (99) to Mr. Perry. However, the narrator is emphatic in noting that this is done â€Å"unconsciously. † And even when Mr. Woodhouse is conscious of trying to prevail upon others, he affects no real damage. He is constantly trying to get other people to take a basin of gruel with him, but Isabella is the only one who ends up complying. When Mrs. Bates and Mrs. Goddard come to keep Mr. Woodhouse Company during the Coles' party, his power as host is actually trumped by Emma's. Against his wishes, she sees to it that all of their guests are well fed, with as much cake as they desire. Emma, like her father, enjoys a social dominion of fortune and station but joins it with a real superiority of intellect. Situations like the gruel debate point up the inversion of the traditional family structure at Highbury, in which the daughter's authority exceeds the parent's. Emma takes care of her father, and the book's only other mother-figure, Miss Taylor, has become more like a friend than a parent, at least at the point where the story picks up: â€Å"The shadow of authority being now long passed away,† Emma does â€Å"just what she like[s], highly esteeming Miss Taylor's judgement, but directed chiefly by her own† (1). Beyond the smaller family unit, there is no one but Knightley to challenge Emma's reign. She is at the highest spot on the social ladder, as indicated by the name of her estate, Highbury. Her peers are all inferior, in status as well as quickness and depth. Harriet is entirely vapid; she can â€Å"sit, without any idea of anything in the world, for full ten minutes. † (163) And although Emma may mistake the direction of Elton's gallantry, she sees right through it: there is â€Å"a sort of parade in his speeches which was very apt to incline her to laugh. (46) Even in comparison to her sister, Emma has the â€Å"stronger hand. † (241) In truth, Emma is wholly worthy of most of the praise bestowed upon her throughout the book. The most obvious example would be her â€Å"ready wit,† (66) which Mr. Elton cites in his charade. The obvious problem with Emma's ready wit, though, and all her other powers, is that they are so often put to bad use. Where Mr. Woodhouse's social power is always proved to be harmless, Emma is the one with the potent hands that can at times wreak havoc. At the party at Box Hill, Emma â€Å"cannot resist† (342) making a derisive comment to Miss Bates, simply because it is too â€Å"clever† to be kept in. The sole extenuating circumstance here (though it is one based on Emma's arrogance) is that she may not have anticipated its full effect – â€Å"I dare say she did not understand me. † (346) But Emma's misuse of her own power of understanding is evident. The remark is both consciously derisive and deliberately aimed, and the evident pain it causes Miss Bates brings home the reality that Emma's understanding at that moment has become more limited than Miss Bates'. Moreover, the impact of the harm extends both beyond the present moment and beyond the single personal relationship, revealing that unlike her father, Emma has the power to do real lasting damage. Miss Bates tries to hide when Emma next comes to visit, and it will take a while to repair their rapport. The event also affects the larger public sphere. As Mr. Knightley notes in his later reprimand, Emma's comment was made in the presence of others, â€Å"many of who would be entirely guided by your treatment of her. (346) In this social order, people who esteem the judgment of those superior in station use it as a model for their own. Not only has Emma spoken cruelly to Miss Bates, she has set up a standard of treatment which others may choose to follow. People cater to Mr. Woodhouse because they respect him, but they use Emma as a model because they take her opinion very seriously. Where until now Emma has been seeing power in terms only of its perks, the ripple effect of even a singl e lapse of judgment highlights the responsibilities that go with social power. The moment is an important turning point in Emma's progress of self-transformation. Knightley's earlier reprimand, â€Å"Better to be without sense, than misapply it as you do! † (51) targets this larger responsibility that Emma has been both too young and too blind to see. (As an interesting side note, the movie version of Emma actually has Knightley and Emma shooting during this scene, and while Knightly delivers this comment his arrow hits a bull's-eye. ) The most striking example of Emma's misapplication of sense – along with her most deliberate act of manipulation – appears in her treatment of Harriet. Emma literally tries to create Harriet, forging explanations of her parentage and painting portraits in which she alters Harriet's body structure. The craftsmanship of this artistic aspect of her assumed role is highlighted by Knightley's recognition, â€Å"she really does you credit. † (53) As pointed out in lecture, Emma even plays the literal puppet-master, using a set of strings, her bootlaces, to direct the scene when she and Harriet run into Mr. Elton after visiting the poor family. Emma presses on with her schemes despite the many clues that contradict her understanding. Whenever circumstances displease her, she creates explanations in her head that run contrary to her own sense of reason, yet accepts them all the same. When Mr. Elton's behaviour does not fit that of a lover, Emma makes various excuses for him, laughing at his description of what she presumes to be Harriet's â€Å"ready wit† but attributing such an ill-judged compliment to the consequence of his being â€Å"very much in love. † (66) Even when Mr. Elton himself tries to clear up the confusion, in the scene in the carriage, Emma attempts to convince them both that he is hopelessly drunk. Perhaps Emma's most blatant self-deception is her heedlessness of class and birth differences between Mr. Elton and Harriet: â€Å"You and Mr. Elton are by situation called together; you belong to one another by every circumstance of your respective homes. † (68) This statement could not stand in starker contrast to the acute, even over-conscious sense of social standing, which Emma displays throughout the rest of the book. She revolts at the idea of a union between Jane Fairfax and Mr. Knightley, but wilfully ignores the same obstacles in her matchmaking of Harriet and Mr. Elton. Emma presumes to know what is best for other people, and in pursuit of her slated end goal will even act contrary to her (often accurate) perceptions of their feelings. When she writes Harriet's letter of refusal to Robert Martin, (an intrusion in itself,) Emma senses that â€Å"if the young man had come in her way at that moment, he would have been accepted after all† (50) – yet she seals and sends it all the same. The comment testifies not only to Emma's consciousness of Harriet's true feelings, but to her arrogance, in deferring to her own judgment of Harriet's best interests rather than to Harriet's. The fact that Harriet ends up happily, but in exactly the same place that she started, is the narrator's way of putting Emma in her place. As in the encounter with Miss Bates, the gap between Emma's self knowledge and the perspective we are given on her suggests the conclusion that the proper sphere for exercising human judgment is on one's personal shortcomings instead of on anyone else's. What is most ironic about Emma's many social blunders is that, apart from Mr. Knightley, she has the deepest social consciousness of anyone in the book. Emma has a truly devoted sense of responsibility to her father, cares deeply for her family and friends, and is constantly smoothing over various social rifts that only she can foresee and repair, like those between her father and John Knightley. Readers understand the great possibilities that come with Emma's characteristic awareness – we see the possibilities for a perfection which goes beyond the mere appearance of perfection introduced in the first line of the book – and it is this consciousness that makes Emma's blunders seem all the more blind and regrettable. The turning point of the book is when Emma's awareness begins to work to her advantage – when she starts to become more aware of herself. Emma's ability to reflect and feel powerfully is what fuels her self-transformation once she directs that power inwards to observe her own heart instead of outwards to mold other people and events. It takes only the right catalyst, namely Mr. Knightley, for Emma to become able to realize her own wrongdoing. She responds to his reprimands about her treatment of Miss Bates, not with the defensiveness of someone truly arrogant but with â€Å"anger against herself, mortification, and deep concern. (347) A similar moment of realization and self-chastisement comes at the first big climax of the book, when Emma learns of Harriet's love for Mr. Knightley and realizes her own: â€Å"with insufferable vanity had she believed herself in the secret of everybody's feelings; with unpardonable arrogance proposed to arrange everybody's destiny. † (3 83) Emma proves herself capable of the character revolution which her father is not when she gives up her own pretensions to judge the best interests of others. The fact that it is Knightley who sparks Emma' reformation of character might seem to give ultimate power to him rather than to Emma herself. After all, his intrusion into her personal life ends up being the most positive force of the book. But it is important to keep in mind that Knightley is only a catalyst, a stand-in for the author's criticism of Emma's flaws, while Emma shares something like the role of the author herself. Like the playwright or novelist, she learns through trial and error the limitations of power exercised in trying to create and dictate the course of other people's lives.