Women Role in Athenian Society

Women†s role in Greece can be seen when one first begins to do research on the subject. The subject of women in Greece is coupled with the subject of slaves. This is the earliest classification of women in Greek society. Although women were treated differently from city to city the basic premise of that treatment never changed. Women were only useful for establishing a bloodline that could carry on the family name and give the proper last rites to the husband. However, women did form life long bonds with their husbands and found love in arranged marriages. Women are â€Å"defined as near slaves, or as perpetual minors† in Athenian society (The Greek World, pg. 200). For women life didn†t extend far from the home, which was thought to be their sole realm of existence. Though they ranked higher than slaves did, they were treated in many of the same ways. Just like slaves, their mothers trained women as adolescents what their domestic duties were. They were secluded from all males, including those in their family. They lived in gynaikeion, which were women†s apartments in Athens (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 55). They were kept at home where they were taught the proper manners and duties of a desirable wife. â€Å"Marriage was the inevitable goal to which her whole life tended. To remain a spinster was the worst disgrace which could befall a woman† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). However, it was seen as more of a disgrace on her father who ‘owned† her until she was married. Although Athenian women were completely in charge of their household and slaves, they didn†t have much freedom. They rarely left the house, unless they were part of some sort of religious procession. They could only walk abroad in the streets if accompanied by a slave or other attendant. It was improper for respectable women to share the same social entertainments as men. Even if caught in the courtyard of the house by a male visitor, they would return to the seclusion of their own apartments. Pericles once said, â€Å"it was their business to be spoken of as little as possible whether for good or ill† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). This sentiment describes the extent of the importance of women in society. Marriage was their only major role in the lives of men. The betrothal was arranged by the parents as a strictly business contract. The parent†s choice of a suitable groom for their bride was a matter of pride and status for the family. The groom†s choice in bride was largely determined by the amount of dowry the bride would bring with her. Although the wedding was a happy ceremony, it was only the beginning of a woman†s loss of independence. Not only did women possess no independent status in the eyes of the law; she always remained under the supervision of a male. If her husband died, she was returned to her father†s or brother†s home where they would take charge of her. After the wedding, the wife†s duties were centered on the management of the home. She would overlook the slaves, mend and make clothing for her family, usually done by spinning or knitting, weave rugs and baskets for the home, or just fold and refold the clothing kept in the family chest. The wife was also responsible for maintaining her attractiveness for her husband. A proper Athenian wife would adorn herself with jewelry and use rouge upon her husband†s arrival home. Sometimes she might spend an entire evening sitting next to the couch where her husband lay reclining. Most importantly the Athenian women were seen as â€Å"fine upstanding matrons† fit to bear a race of excellent athletes† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 86). An Athenian man married primarily to have children. These children were expected to care for him in his old age, but more importantly to bury him with the â€Å"full appropriate rites† (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 57). Moreover, Athenian men married to have male children in order to perpetuate the family line and guarantee him honors when he died. It was also a large disgrace for a man to be unmarried. Basically, Athenians married not out of love for each other, but for religious and social convenience. All this aside, love was abundant in Greek society. Although love was never a determining factor in marriages, a lifelong bond and devotion developed between a couple as the years passed. â€Å"We know that the Greeks of the fifth and fourth century used the word eros (love) to describe the passion linking a husband and his wife† (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 58). There are many instances in myth and history where husbands and wives in Greek society have sacrificed themselves for the sake of the other. They were bonded together by their love of their family and by their dedication to each other through their family. Women were dedicated to the happiness of their husband and the well being of their children. Men were dedicated to providing for and supporting their family and raising noteworthy children. These common goals brought together the husband and wife like never before. It was this bond that sparked the beginning of a lifelong commitment to one another and the growth of th eir love for one another. Although women were not given formal rights, they were able to find pride and happiness in the mundane applications of their life. Women found pride in their children and satisfaction in their husband†s happiness. I would like to leave you with closing remarks that illustrate the bond between a wife and her husband. â€Å"The greatest pleasure to me will be this, that, if you prove yourself my superior, you will make me your servant and there will be no fear lest with advancing years your influence will wane; nay the better companion you are to me and the better guardian of the house to our children, the greater will be the esteem in which you are held at home; and all will admire you, not so much for your good looks as for your good deeds in practical life† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 86). â€Å"Atthis, who didst live for me and breathe thy last toward me, once the source of all my joy and now of tears, holy, much lamented, how sleepst thou the mournful sleep, thou whose head was never laid away from thy husband†s breast, leaving Theios alone as one who is no more; for with thee the hope of our life went to darkness† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 87).

Plants and Life on Earth Essay

Plants are the only organisms that can convert light energy from the sun into food. And plants produce all  of the food that animals, including people, eat. Even meat. The animals that give us meat, such as chickens and cows, eat grass, oats, corn, or some other plants. Plants make oxygen One of the materials that plants produce as they make food is oxygen gas. This oxygen gas, which is an important part of the air, is the gas that plants and animals must have in order to stay alive. When people breathe, it is the oxygen that we take out of the air to keep our cells and bodies alive. All of the oxygen available for living organisms comes from plants. Plants provide habitats for animals Plants are the primary habitat for thousands of other organisms. Animals live in, on, or under plants. Plants provide shelter and safety for animals. Plants also provide a place for animals to find other food. As a habitat, plants alter the climate. On a small scale, plants provide shade, help moderate the temperature, and protect animals from the wind. On a larger scale, such as in tropical rainforests, plants actually change the rainfall patterns over large areas of the earth’s surface. Plants help make and preserve soil In the forest and the prairie, the roots of plants help hold the soil together. This reduces erosion and helps conserve the soil. Plants also help make soil. Soil is made up of lots of particles of rocks which are broken down into very small pieces. When plants die, their decomposed remains are added to the soil. This helps to make the soil rich with nutrients. Plants provide useful products for people Many plants are important sources of products that people use, including food, fibers (for cloth), and medicines. Plants also help provide some of our energy needs. In some parts of the world, wood is the primary fuel used by people to cook their meals and heat their homes. Many of the other types of fuel we use today, such as coal, natural gas, and gasoline, were made from plants that lived millions of years ago. Plants beautify Plants, because of their beauty, are important elements of out human world. When we build houses and other buildings, we never think the job is done until we have planted trees, shrubs, and flowers to make what we have built much nicer.

Finaince for mangers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Finaince for mangers - Essay Example They are considerably relevant and helpful to properly and fully assess the divisional financial and economic performance. After the critical evaluation, the relevant improvements are recommended accordingly. Quality Products Division The quality products division deals in furniture items made by hand and the raw natural materials are made part of it. Due to its quality products, this division has significantly contributed into the exports, especially in the Middle East. However, to critically understand the actual financial position of this division, the financial position and the audit comments are taken into account. Financial position 2007 2008 2009 Gearing (TL/TL+SC) 100% 53.98% 52.65% 52.32% Return on investment [PBIT / (TA – L)] x100% (Loss) 16.24% 18.96% Gross profit (gross profit/turnover) 100% 38.89% 40.43% 41.36% Profit before interest (profit before interest/turnover) 100% (loss) 5.70% 6.37% Profit after interest (PAI/Turnover)100% (Loss) 1.97% 3.34% Overseas Turno ver (overseas turnover/turnover) 100% 53.79% 44.51% 36.59% These are fundamental indicators of financial position of any corporate entity. ... Gross profit and profit before interest, profit after interest figures are slightly improving and on yearly basis, they provide 2 to 3% growth in these figures. With so much potential in the markets, local and foreign markets, this division’s gross profit and profit before tax are not increasing as they should be. In addition, this division has been more stable and in demand in the markets of Middle East, however, its recent decreasing overseas turnover highlights some of worrying signs for this division. This is negatively affecting the gross profit and profit before tax figures as well. Additionally, there are no positive audit comments for this division; the audit management letter clearly highlights that some quality control problems with a new range of adjustable chairs for senior citizens. As this industry considerably depends on the quality, such kind of quality control problems may reduce the number of customers. Additionally, the audit management letter points out tha t in every month 20 boxes of flat-packed chairs and desks are disappearing from the one of the division’s outlets. Improvements Profits can be improved by entering into the contract segment of the industry. This segment accounts for 29% of the entire furniture industry. For achieving that aim, the division is required to more concentrate on quality issues which are recently highlighted in the audit management letter. In addition, the disappearance of chairs and desks must be reduced by introducing some physical controls such as only authorized persons should be allowed to enter into the internal parts of the outlets and each incoming and outgoing shipment of desks

The battle between emotion and reason Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The battle between emotion and reason - Essay Example Personally, emotional intelligence is the most significant tool for ethics and has been used to understand one’s reasoning and logical behavior by conducting various self-assessments both scientific and based on emotional self-control. Ethical living involves ensuring adherence to relevant laws designed to protect the safety and well-being of others. Ethical living is also recognizing that one’s behaviors have a direct impact on the environment and on the attitudes of others in the broader social network and then attempting to conduct oneself according to the standards and principles. Emotional intelligence is the tool for ethical living that is personally considered the most important as it allows an individual to proverbially step out of their own shoes and consider how one would feel if they were exposed to non-ethical behaviors that could serve to strip others of their dignity or sense of social belonging. It is not hard to live ethically, so long as others in society follow similar codes and principles and do not engage in hypocritical behaviors that are detrimental to the emotional or physical health of others. Reason is necessary for making ethical decisions as it is founded on logic and allows the individual considering how to behave in a situation requiring ethics to be aware of the damage that non-moral behaviors can cause. Intuition involves an inherent self-awareness and instinct that alters one’s perceptions, a sort of sixth sense, that is proactive in guiding one’s ethical or non-ethical behaviors. As it has already been established that emotional intelligence is paramount to ensure ethical behavior, emotion such as sentiment and passion is important in guiding ethical conduct and attitude. It allows an individual to have genuine feeling for others to ensure that psychological harm is not caused against others. A

Recycling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Recycling - Research Paper Example An all inclusive definition of the term recycling is that recycling essentially refers to a closed-loop stem designed with the sole purpose of attempting to try and optimize the utilization of various resources while greatly minimizing the production of waste for the benefit of humankind. This definition of recycling casts it as being a systematic alternative to the usual syndrome of Produce-Consume-Dispose that is seen to greatly govern the flow of various materials in the modern day society. Aquino (1995 p.1-10) equates the practice of recycling whereby materials are processed for reuse to the Middle Ages practice where alchemists used to try and turn various base metals into gold. Recycling is not a new concept and evidence of its practice can be traced back to the Romans who by pulling down stones form their Coliseum so as to reuse these stones in the paving of roads, are seen to be pioneers in the field of construction and demolition recycling. Throughout history, black smiths have constantly been engaged in recycling as they have always smelted down broken items such as hoes and swords an reforged new ones from the molten metal. Industrialization is seen to have greatly spurred the demand for cheaper goods and scrap metals were used in the production of numerous products as they were generally cheaper as compared to products produced from virgin ore. Traditional industries such as the American steel industry and the rail road bought large quantities of scrap metal t o be used in the creation of steel products and the building the railway respectively. Recycling efforts in the country were seen to increase during the World War II as due to widespread material shortages and crippling financial constraints nearly all recyclable items were collected for recycling and subsequent use in the war effort. In the twenty first century, the only

NARRATIVE PLOT OF JONAH THIS IS A (RESPONSE PAPER) ALSO SUMMARIES OF Article

NARRATIVE PLOT OF JONAH THIS IS A (RESPONSE PAPER) ALSO SUMMARIES OF CHAPTER 5, 13, AND 8 OF CRACKING OLD TESTAMENT CODES. ONE PAGE PER CHAPTER - Article Example The storm was so strong that it was threatening to destroy the ship. The other mariners on the ship were afraid with each one praying and calling out to their gods to save them. In desperation they through much of the cargo onto the sea hoping to lighten the ship, but nothing worked. The captain found Jonah asleep and woke him up asking him to join in the prayers in hopes that one of the cries or prayers would save everyone. The captain yelled at him, â€Å"Arise, call out to your god! Perhaps the god will give a thought to us, that we may not perish.† (Jon. 1:6 ESV). Everyone was panicked wondering what they could do to settle the sea. Rather than settle, it only become more violent. Finally, Jonah decided this was a result of God’s anger and knew he was putting the lives of all these other men in danger. So he told the men, â€Å"Pick me up and hurl me into the sea; then the sea will quiet down for you, for I know it is because of me that this great tempest has come upon you.† (Jon. 1:12 ESV). Initially, the men ignored this request, perhaps thinking it was made out of fear, and they desperately tried rowing and rowing back to dry land. But, it seemed the harder that they rowed, the rougher the sea became. They continued to cry out and pray begging that they not suffer for whatever wrongs Jonah had done. Finally, they felt they had no other option and lifted Jonah up in the air and hurled him into the angry water. Immediately the violence sea ceased and the men began making sacrifices and vows to the Lord in thanks for saving them . At this point, Jonah was sure he was destined to die. He could not imagine surviving the raging waters. However, instead of drowning he was swallowed by a great fish. As Jonah sat in the belly of this great fish, he considered his situation and began praying to God. He acknowledged that god spared his life on the boat and now understood that he was wrong to ignore the will of the Lord and to try to run

International Competition Law and Practice Essay

International Competition Law and Practice - Essay Example Competition should be healthy and fair. It becomes unfair and subject to scrutiny when some firms attempt to drive their competitors out of the market. This is why there comes the need to regulate the anti-competitive behavior by companies. Competition law achieves this purpose and maintains market competition. Among the member states of the European Union, there is a set of treaties which are known as Treaties of the European Union. Among these treaties is the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union. Article 101 of this treaty prohibits the formation of cartels and other agreements that have the potential of disrupting free competition in the internal market of European Economic Area. e. â€Å"make the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts.† In the European case Carbon Gas Technologie,1 several companies joined together in an agreement under which they decided to exploit coal deposits in a much efficient manner. They agreed on using these reserves in a manner that is much less harmful to the environment. Some cases, like KSB/Goulds/Lowara/ITT,2 involve only economic elements but they are allowed as they pass a fair share of the benefits on to the consumer. But in the case of ARA, ARGEV, ARO,3 environmental benefits were not discussed under the criterion of fair share for consumers. As far as environmental benefits are concerned, preventive measures are also regarded as contributions to the protection of environment.4 In 1994, the Commission allowed an agreement between Exxon and Shell under which ethylene was no longer required to be transported between the two companies. It was because the transport of ethylene is harmful for the environment. The case of Philips – Osram5 is another example of cases in which redu ction of negative externality is taken into

Cashflow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cashflow - Essay Example ons or contributing - in spite of the fact that this likewise happens as a consequence of gifts or blessings on account of individual fund (Deveau, 2015). Money outpourings result from costs or ventures. This remains constant for both business and individual money. The primary essential stride in keeping up a positive cash flow is putting a financial plan set up. One of the ways of controlling income is by getting ready and keeping up a capital forecast (Niven, 2013). Significantly, forecasting has key impact in deciding long haul financing needs. Credit control and obligation recuperation are imperative figures in great income administration. Attempts to pay in time mean suppliers will be more prone to arrange deals with solid clients (Deveau, 2015). Issue updates when an installment is late and after that pursuit up also create positive possibilities. There is a need for considering charging punishment enthusiasm for late plan how to manage non-payment (Niven, 2013). Entrepreneurs additionally need to give careful consideration to their receivable and payable cycles. Finally, pricing needs to bode well. Deveau, D. (2015). Planning ahead makes for stronger cash flow. Financialpost.com. Retrieved 12 June 2015, from

Unity of Virtues Essay Example for Free

Unity of Virtues Essay Virtue in its broad meaning is replicating God which is a perfect being but for a moral being it means the habit of being righteous. This also means that virtue is a collection of traits for a being to be morally good. When we consider all the virtues, we can consider how each virtue is related to other virtues. For example, being honest also have an impact on being truthful, trustworthy and other virtues. In this point of view, we can see that virtues are dependent of each other. . Circular unity of virtues is the relation of each virtue to one another and the union of a group of virtue for a human being to be considered good. If one virtue is done, another virtue is also affected. However, this is not applicable to all virtues. It is true that one virtue affects other virtues but not totally all because not all virtues have the same essence and limitations. A good example is that you may be honest but you can also lack generosity at the same time. There are other examples showing that virtues are grouped according to their essence, but cannot be grouped as a whole based on their essence. Circularity of virtues according to Aristotle is having virtues through our own experiences but all normal men tends to the basics of being good. He also stated that being good is dependent on the opinion of each person. Therefore the action of man also states his virtues. This just means that there is no true unity of virtues. We can have a particular virtue but for sure but we cannot have it all because we are just humans and humans are not perfect. We are enclosed to different reasons that unconsciously causes us not to do other virtues. These variables are culture, principle, and experiences. If the standard of being good is having all the virtues then no man is good because we are bounded by our different cultures, principles and experiences which is sometimes a hindrance to other virtues. It is true that there is no unity of virtues but having virtues connected to one another is already a standard to being good. Virtues tends to rely to one another. This just means that being helpful also connects to goodness, generosity and friendliness. You can easily see the relation of each virtue to one another because if you do one virtue it also part of the limitation of the other virtues. Circularity tells us that the virtues we have because of actions we do must not be judged because we all do with our own principles, instinct and knowledge. Virtues we acquire are just part of what we do. In that case to avoid circularity one must only judge in a way that it is meaningful. This also rises the need for moral responsibility which will give rise to molding of your character. Bibliography â€Å"The Ends of Thought. , 2009: Journeys to Philosophys Third Kingdom. † http://endsofthought. blogspot. com/2009/02/aristotle-on-virtue-question-about. html Blackwell Refrence Online. â€Å"The Unity of the Virtues, 2006. † http://www. blackwellreference. com/public/tocnode? id=g9781405115216_chunk_g978140511521625

Compare and Contrast Poems by John Donne and Michael Drayton Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast Poems by John Donne and Michael Drayton Essay The poem, To his coy mistress is very much Carpe Diem but the poet Andrew Marvell who wrote it was influenced by both Metaphysical and Classical types of poetry, the way in the beginning of the poem he seems to talk about things in a very slow way, walking, time slowing down to try to woe the women in a much quicker, the poem also shows a lot of Petrachan influences as when Andrew Marvell says Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze and Thy beauty shall no more be found. The poem is very much more in use of words that show the women in which the poem is talking about as being a goddess as I said earlier; this seems to play a large part in the poem. poem which is also very Carpe Diem is, to the virgins, to make much of time, this poem uses irregular (starvea) stress and unstressed words, but does have a regular amount of feet throughout the poem. The poem The Flea is very different to the other two before, it is a metaphysical poem which is much more interesting, it uses a much more dialectic view of wooing a women. It uses the fact that as a flea has bitten both the poet and the women of whom he is in love with, that it means that there are three lives all together in one and that him and his love almost more than maryed are. The structure of the poem uses the end of each paragraph as a conclusion for what it has just been stating. The poem uses imagery as it describes the two lovers together in the Flea with its dark walls of Jet referring to the colour jet black as there is no light in the Flea. At the end of the poem it shows that the women is wanting to kill the flea and he is comparing himself to the flea and saying that the flea is innocent because all it has done is take a tiny prick of blood from her and is it really worth the fleas life. The poet is using the idea of persuasion on the women by using the flea as an example. When it comes to the conclusion of the last paragraph it shows the poets persuasion again for that by the women killing the flea it has taken a small bit of life away rom her as it bit her and took some of her blood. The poet is much more different to the previous poets also as his persuasion has much more of a point to it, and uses a more intelligent argument against the women. The next poem was Song. To Celia, this is a classical poem which emphasises carpe diem is interesting. The poem is not in a common dialectic structure, it does have a felling that the poem is mainly based on the, fast, quick, instant love at the start of the poem. The poem involves a very large part at the end of an affair scene where Ben Johnson writes Of a few household spies? Or his easier ears beguile, this is speaking about the servants of the house in which the women which the man is involved with stays at, that they will only have to trick the servants from seeing them together. The structure of the poem is done using rhyming couplets and a trochaic tetrameter, the poem can be related to, to his Coy Mistress as it is also Carpe Diem. The poem, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love; this poem is a very stereotypical one as it portrays an idealised view of the country, it shows a much pastured view of the countryside. The poem is trochaic and it keeps a steady a,a,b,b pattern. The poet obviously did not have any view of the country and was probably a city person. The poem speaks about him and his love being whisked away into the countryside to live there in peace, with beds of roses for his love. The view of country is very much like a place that would be very hard to find in life; it is a much idealised view. The poem Sonnet is a very strange one; it does not have a set pattern for its rhythm and is very staggered. It involves the poet explaining all the different ways in which he loves the women in speaking. It uses classical influences with the poem having no persuasive felling to it. The poet uses Petrachan factors as the poet says about he loves all the aspects of the women, her breath, loving her freely, and purely.

Critically Contrasting Personnel Management and Human Resource Management

Critically Contrasting Personnel Management and Human Resource Management 1. INTRODUCTION Over the last few decades with the onset of the industrial revolution, the work place has seen a change in stance with respect to its people working in organizations. The key theme resonates around the ever increasing importance being given to the employees or the human resource. It started with what theorists referred to as personnel management. Some theorists believe that personnel management evolved in to what is now called human resource management while others draw significant strategic and operational differences between them (Torrington et al. 2005). The basic difference that the researchers find between these two is their area of focus within the organisation. Personnel management looks primarily into administrative aspects of the organisation while, Human resource management, on the other hand, looks after developing, retaining and growing the human aspect the organisation. In most organisations today we see a growing importance given to this function at strategic levels. In this essay, the theory that exists for personnel management and human resource management will be critically contrasted and analysed to come to a conclusion in the debate mentioned in the previous paragraph. A number of theorists look at each of these as independent elements as well as relational elements and this essay explains the establishment of the context of each of the elements i.e. personnel management and human resource management, the change or the perceived transformation of personnel management to human resource management and drawing differences and similarities found in the existing literature to conclusively define whether there is a difference between the two or is Human Resource Management a term which is purely an evolution of personnel management. 2. THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT There has been a significant amount of literature that has been critical of personnel management of being low on organisational status in the recent years. The perception is widely held that the function of personnel management is limited in a reactive and administrative position and fails to hold relevance to the aims of the organisation. To elucidate this perception it should function at a strategic level (Lundy, 1994). Authors such as Drucker (1968), Watson (1977), Legge (1978) and Rowland and Summers (1981) relate personnel management to an administrative role. This could include payroll, maintaining practices with respect to regulation and other such activities. Torrington and Hall (1987) noted that personnel management looks towards the line manager for the as a key driver for the integration to the overall organizational goals. However the lack of strategic direction sometimes causes a conflict with the overall role of the manager which is more strategic in nature. Lundy (1994 ) noted that the establishment of the trade unions in UK along with the subsequent welfare movement that began with the onset of the industrial revolution in the early 19th century became the underlying cause of this conflict. Trade unions meant the workers were represented, were informed and could now demand and fight for their rights while line managers and governments considered labour as commodity. This lack of strategic composition in personnel management began to see the emergence of Human Resource Management as a replacement term. The pitfalls that were once faced with the administrative outlook of the personnel management were being eliminated by extended the boundaries to generate a more strategic role within the organization. Hence, human resource planning became aligned and was getting integrated with the overall organizational strategy. HRM, according to Bratton and Gold (2003), is a strategic approach to managing employment relations which emphasizes that leveraging peoples capabilities is critical in achieving competitive advantage. Torrington et al (2005) describe human resource management as a philosophy that deals with the carrying out of organisational activities that are people oriented and that extends to those who are not employed in the organisation. Human resource management is now, in the English speaking world, the most extensively used term that describes the activities of the management in terms of employment relationship (Boxall and Purcell 2003). A significant number of changes took place around 1994 with relation to trade unions, organisational restructuring. There was also a rise in the atypical forms of employment. With respect to these changes Beardwell and Holden (1994) suggest that: Any assessment of the emergence of Human Resource Management has, at least, to take account of this changing context of employment and provide some explanations as to the relationships that exist between the contribution HRM has made to some of these changes on one hand and, on the other hand, the impact that such changes have had on the theory and practice of HRM itself (p. 5). The human resource management can be looked at in the light of five aspects. First, the senior management considers the people problems at a more serious level. The overall delegation of responsibility lies with the line manager. Second, team work, communicating, and empowerment within employees is given a high level of importance. Third, employee development through the facilitation of training allows the employee to contribute more substantially to the organization. Fourth, every employee is considered as an individual. His or her needs are carefully assessed and emphasis is given to them. Lastly, the overall fit is considered to be around the greater strategic fit of the organization. 3. PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT VERSUS HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Personnel management is conventionally believed as having little focus over the business links that are broader in nature and it is believed that it concentrates more on the activities of the personnel professionals and also on the operational techniques within the organisation. Thus the function of it is seen as low administrative record keeping and maintenance of people. In contrast to this function, human resource management is considered to concentrate more on the business linkages and also in comparison to personnel management it is usually labelled as an established and good people management practice (Redman and Wilkinson 2006). Legge 1995 (in Beardwell and Claydon 2007: 9), lists out three significant points that show that human resource management differs from personnel management. First, HRM is concerned with the responsibility of the top managers for the management of the culture. Secondly, she states that personnel management appears to be something performed on subordin ates by managers rather than something that the latter experience themselves. Finally, she says that human resource management defines the role of the line- managers rather than personnel managers. She further argues that the three differences stated above emphasize on human resource management, in theory, of being more of a central strategic management task as compared to personnel management. Armstrong (2006) states that human resource management lays more emphasis on the strategic fit and integration and its philosophy is management and business oriented. He contrasts Human resource management from personnel management on the basis that achievement of commitment and the management of the organisation culture are given more emphasis by HRM than personnel management. Storey (1992) and Guest (1987) each carefully differentiate personnel management and human resource management. The approaches considered by both also vary. Storey (1992) looks at the differences in light of the practical aspect; Guest (1987) draws more on the psychological aspects between the two. Points of difference between Personnel management and HRM as noted by Storey (1992) Dimension Personal Management HRM 1. Beliefs and assumptions Contract Behaviour Referent Conflict Careful delineation of written contracts Norms/ customs and practice. Institutionalized. Aim to go beyond contract. Values or mission. De emphasized. 2. Strategic aspects Key relations Initiatives Corporate plan Speed of action Labour management. Piecemeal. Marginal to. Slow. Customer. Integrated. Central to. Fast. 3. Line Management Management role Key managers Communication Standardization Transactional leadership. Personnel specialists. Indirect communication. High (e.g. parity an issue). Transformational leadership. General/business/line managers. Direct communication. Low (e.g. parity not seen as relevant). 4. Key levers Selection Pay Job design Training and development Foci of attention for interventions Separate, marginal task. Job evaluation (fixed grades). Division of labour. Controlled access to courses. Personnel procedures. Integrated, key task. Performance related. Teamwork. Learning companies. Wide ranging cultural, structural and personnel strategies. TABLE: Difference between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management. Source: Storey, 1992: 35 In the table above, Storey (1992) lists possible differences that are present between personnel management and human resource management. These differences describe the strategic aspect of personnel management as labour management and of Human resource management as customer management. Conventional personnel management focuses more on rules and norms, customs of the organisation and the practices which have already been established, whereas the human resource management tends to be more inclined towards giving importance to the values and mission that are set for the organisation. The personnel management approach is particular about the establishment of policies and procedures within the organisation and it enforces conformity of employees to these rules through careful delineation of written contracts. In contrast to this aspect of personnel management, Human Resource Management tends to go by the spirit of the contract. The structure of job design followed by personnel management is division of labour i.e. different people are assigned to different areas of expertise, where as Human resource management involves teamwork in which a group of people are assigned to accomplish a goal. Points of difference between personnel management (PM) and human resource management (HRM) as noted by Guest (1987) Personnel Management Human Resource Management Psychological Contract Fair days work for a fair days pay Reciprocal commitment Locus of control External control Internal control Employee relations Pluralist approach Collective Low Trust Unitarist approach Individual High trust Organizing principles Mechanic Forma/defined roles Top down strategy Centralized Organic Flexible roles Bottom up strategy De-centralized Policy Goals Administrative efficiency Standard performance Cost minimization Adaptive work force Performance improvement Maximum utilization Table: Difference between personnel management and human resource management. Source: Guest, 1987 In the above table, Guest (1987) examines the main differences between personnel management and human resource management. Like Storey, Guest also analysis a number of segments of the organisation to draw the main differences between the two debated terms. The psychological contract, which is the mutual agreement reached between the employee and employer, was the first element of difference. While personnel management considered it as obligatory from both parties to remunerate according to work and vice-a-verse. The control in case of personnel management was an external entity while the human resource management stemmed from within. Another key factor was trust. Guest believes that the personnel management failed to generate employee trust which in the case of human resource management was the key. The mechanistic approach of personnel management meant a formal, top down and centralized approach to managing employees. Human resource management on the other hand is considered to be m ore flexible originating from employees and de-centralized. The overall aim of personnel management, according to Guest, looked at drawing the most bang from the buck while minimizing the cost. However the goals for human resource management have taken on a role of improving performance by adapting the workforce to maximize the output. Painting the overall scenario, the differences cited by Guest (1987) and Storey (1992) reflect the fact that there lie differences between personnel management and human resource management on both practical as well as psychological fronts. The overall difference in its application has been considered to draw a clearer understanding of the differences cited above. However, literature also considers a number of key similarities which underlie both aspects of employee management. 4. SIMILARITIES Strategies of both Personnel Management and Human resource management flow from the business strategy. Both have the view that managing people is the responsibility of the line managers. Soft HRM and Personnel management have identical values with regard to the respect of the individual, develop people to achieve and facilitate their own satisfaction and the organisational objectives to the maximum level (Armstrong, 2006). Poole (1999) notes that despite the differences stated there are a number of factors that provide for a number of clear similarities between human resource management and personnel management. Emphasis on integration: Poole (1999) notes that both these models emphasize on their integration with the overall organizational goals. Line management as the driver: He notes that once again human resource management and personnel management look to the line management to deploy the human resource practices and policies. Individual development: Poole (1999) considers the model of Personnel Management and contrasts it with the models of Human resource management and concludes that both state the significance of developing the individual employee to the level of his highest abilities within the organization. Also while considering work in this field he found similarities in context laid down regarding the dependent nature of the employees. Importance of selection and job allocation: Poole finds that the correct allocation of jobs to the appropriate people is an important factor in the integration with the organization. It is worth noting that the integration with the organization was the basic similarity between human resource management and personnel management. 5. RHETORIC OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Keenoy and Anthony (1992: 235) consider the relation between the employment relationship and human resource management as rhetoric and metaphors. HRM its self is shown in a positive light when words such as nurturing and organic are brought into the picture. However, other terms which described personnel management were reactive, monitoring and bureaucratic provided a negative connotation. In relation to the dominant emergence of HRM, Legge (1995) argued: The importance of HRM, and its apparent overshadowing of personnel management, lies just as much (and possibly more so) in its function as a rhetoric about how employees should be managed to achieve competitive advantage than a coherent new practice (p. xiv) Legge (in Storey 1995) further notes that there has been hype due to the existence, assumptions and epistemology of soft and hard models of HRM. This according to Bach and Sisson (2000) can be done to achieve a state of control over the workforce. The hard model of HRM deals with the employees in a less humanistic approach by referring to the more quantitative nature of reducing costs, managing head count and the overall need of the hour. While the soft model of HRM deals with the development of the employees and an overall well being of the employee. Bach and Sisson (2000) noted that the soft HRM camouflages the negative aspects of the hard HRM to paint a positive picture. In practice, both the elements of hard and soft HRM exist together and impacts the employee directly. Critiques of HRM such as Keenoy find that ambiguity in the term Human Resource Management is a remarkable feature in itself. (Beardwell and Claydon 2007) 6. CONCLUSION Human Resource Management has become the most widely used term which refer to the activities of the management of the organization towards its employees. There are a number of debates surrounding the meaning, definition and scope of HRM and personnel management. Some critics find a number of similarities between the two while others find significant contrasts between the two. Legge (1995) sets forward the view that there is no major difference between the principles and values of the two but Storey (1992) found a number of aspects that differentiate the two. To summarise, personnel management is widely observed as having an operational schematic to people management with the aim at achieving efficiency within the norms of providing justice to the employees work. From the literature, conclusions can be drawn that the difficulty faced by personnel management in obtaining credibility in the eyes of the employees paved the way for the rise of Human Resource Management. The concern about the difference between personnel management and the extent to which HRM represented a positive or negative phase in peoples management gave rise to the debate relating to the differences and similarities of HRM and conventional Personnel Management. In summary, it can be noted from the literature that the inevitable evolution of personnel management was fuelled by the lack of trust with employees and gave rise to the emergence of Human Resource Management. The hard and soft models of Human Resource Management lay evidence to this evolution by displaying characteristics of the more mechanistic aspects of personnel management.

Role of Women in China versus America :: essays research papers

Different cultures promote widely variant ideas of the proper role and place of women within a society but I am discussing women in China and America. Is there something significant in the similarities and differences on my list? The American women are totally different from the Chinese women. American women enjoy more personal freedom and independence than women in many other parts of the world. In many places in the world, women are expected to hold marriage and children as their primary goals and interest. Margaret Walsh stated that ?the main activity of these women was domestic, during later stages of frontier development, many were involved in activities such as prostitution? (241). In America, a woman is just as likely to decide that her education, for instance, needs to be completed before she can consider marriage or family. ?In America the women have taken the role of the men, the men the women, and the children are the heads of the households? (Currie 71). I feel that the men should take on their own role because the women should be able to work also even though some people say that a woman?s places is at home cooking and cleaning. The role of women in China has changed dramatically, from one servitude and repression in ancient China, to one of equality in modern China. China women were sometimes subject to their father but when they got married they were subjected to obey their husband without and questioning. ?This study considers family development and attitudes toward motherhood in light of changing roles of women in China. The effects of revolutionary events and government policies on marriage and the traditional family are presented based on interviews conducted in China and a review of the literature? (Hare-Mustin and Hare 67-82). I think that women in any culture should have the same role because it seem like China women have no freedom. Some women went to night school, or worked at the factory until laws were passed to equalize women under the law.

Frankenstein :: essays papers

Frankenstein Victor Frankenstein as a Child Abuser In today's court I am going to convict Victor Frankenstein in many murders. He created a being that destroyed the lives of innocent people. Frankenstein never considered how such a creature with a horrifying appearance would be able to exist with humans. He didn't take responsibility for his creature; instead Frankenstein abandoned, neglected, and abused his creature. He never realized that the lack of parental love and guidance would lead the creature to a murderous path. Moreover, Frankenstein kept in secret his creature's existence and chose not to reveal it to his family and friends. By doing so, he jeopardized the lives of his loved ones and put them in danger. With my evidence and supports, I am going to prove that Victor Frankenstein, as a parent, is responsible for the creature's actions causing the deaths of his friends and family. By violating the laws of nature, Victor Frankenstein tried to discover "the cause of generation and life," and "became . . .capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter" (Shelley 68). Days and nights Victor was occupied with his experiment. He forgot about his family and could not see anything beyond his experiment. Victor said that he had "lost all soul or sensation but for this one pursuit" (70). He had "worked nearly two years for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body" (72). During these two years Victor became selfish and had no contact with his parents, Elizabeth and William, who were impatiently waiting for a letter from there loved one. In her letter to Victor, Elizabeth writes; â€Å"Yet one word from you, dear Victor, is necessary to calm our apprehensions" (68). Victor made the decision to give life to a being without considering the possible consequences of creating life. After "incredible labor and fatigue" Victor finally accomplished his goal. He created a life without any consideration and the only purpose for him was to have supreme power. Victor brought the creature into the world and did not accept his creation. Horrified by his creature, Victor abandoned him. Victor said: "Unable to endure the aspect of the being I had created, I escaped" (85). At this point we see how Victor rejected his responsibilities for his child.

Jones Law of 1916 Essay

Whereas it was never the intention of the people of United States in the incipiency of the war withSpainto make it a war of conquest or for territorial aggrandizement; and Whereas it is, as it has always been, the purpose of the people of the United States to withdraw their sovereignty over Philippine Islands and to recognize their independence as soon as a stable government can be established therein; and Whereas for the speedy accomplishment of such purpose it is desirable to place in the hands of the people of the Philippines as large a control of their domestic affairs as can be given them without, in the meantime, impairing the exercise of the rights of sovereignty by the people of the United States, in order that, by the use and exercise of popular franchise and governmental powers, they may be the better prepared to fully assume the responsibilities and enjoy all the privileges of complete independence: Therefore Section 1.―The Philippines Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the provisions of this Act and the name â€Å"The Philippines† as used in this Act shall apply to and include the Philippine Islands ceded to the United States Government by the treaty of peace concluded between the United States and Spain on the eleventh dany of April, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, the boundaries of which are set forth in Article III of said treaty, together with those islands embraced in the treaty between Spain and the United States concluded at Washington o the seventh day of November, nineteen hundred. Section 2.―Philippine Citizenship and Naturalization That all inhabitants of the Philippine Islands who were Spanish subjects on the eleventh day of April, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, and then resided in said Islands, and their children born subsequent thereto, shall be deemed and held to be citizens of the Philippine Islands, except such as shall have elected to preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain in accordance with the provisions of the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain, signed at Paris December tenth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, and except such others as have since become citizens of some other country:Provided, That the Philippine Legislature, herein provided for, is hereby authorized to provide by law for the acquisition of Philippine citizenship by those natives of the Philippine Islands who do not come within the foregoing provisions, the natives of the insular possessions of the United States, and such other persons residing in the Philippine Islands who are citizens of the United Stat es, or who could become citizens of the United States under the laws of the United States if residing therein. Section 3.―Bill of Right (a) Due process and eminent domain.―That no law shall be enacted in said Islands which shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, or deny to any person therein the equal protection of the laws. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. (b) Rights of persons accused of crime.―That in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to compel the attendance of witnesses in his behalf. That no person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law; and no person for the same offense shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. That all persons shall before conviction be bailable by suffici ent sureties, except for capital offenses. (c) Obligation of contracts.―That no law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be enacted. (d) Imprisonment for debt.―That no person shall be imprisoned for debt. (e) Suspension of habeas corpus.―That the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion, insurrection, or invasion the public safety may require it, in either of which event the same may be suspended by the President, or by the Governor-General, wherever during such period the necessity for such suspension shall exist. (f) Ex post facto laws, primogeniture, titles of nobility.―That no ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted nor shall the law of primogeniture ever be in force in the Philippines. That no law granting a title of nobility shall be enacted, and no person holding any office of profit or trust in said Islands shall, without the consent of the Congress of the United States, accept any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever from any king, queen, prince, or foreign state (g) Bail and punishment.―That excessive bail shall not required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor crue l and unusual punishment inflicted. (h) Unreasonable searches.―That the right to be secured against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated. (i) Slavery.―That slavery shall not exist in saidIslands; nor shall involuntary servitude exist therein except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. (j) Freedom of speech.―That no law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the Government for redress grievances. (k) Freedom of religion.―That no law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, and that the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed; and no religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. No public money or property shall ever be appropriated, applied, or used, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit, or support of any sect, church, denomination, sectarian institution, or system of religion, or for the use, benefit, or support of any priest, preacher, minister, or other religious teacher or dignitary as such. (l) Poligamy.―Contracting of polygamous or plural marriages hereafter is prohibited. That no law shall be construed to permit polygamous or plural marriages. (m) How public funds to be spent.―That no money shall be paid out of the treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation by law. (n) Uniform tax.―That the rule of taxation in saidIslands shall be uniform. (o) Subject and title of bills.―That no bill which may be enacted into law shall embrace more than one subject, and that subject shall be expressed in the title of the bill. (p) Warrants of arrest.―That no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the person or things to be seized (q) Special funds.―That all money collected on any tax levied or assessed for a special purpose shall be treated as a special fund in the treasury and paid out for such purpose only. Section 8.―General Legislative Power That general legislative power, except as otherwise herein provided, is hereby granted to the Philippine legislature, authorized by this Act. Section 13.―Election and Qualification of Senators That the members of the Senate of the Philippines, except as herein provided, shall be elected for terms of six and three years, as hereinafter provided, by the qualified electors of the Philippines. Each of the senatorial districts defined as hereinafter provided shall have the right to elect two senators. No person shall be an elective member of the Senate of the Philippines who is not a qualified elector and over thirty years of age, and who is not able to read and write either the Spanish or English language, and who has not been a resident of the Philippines for at least two consecutive years and an actual resident of the senatorial district from which chosen for a period of at least one year immediately prior to his election. Section 14.-Election and Qualification of Representative That the members of the House of Representatives shall, except as herein provided, be elected triennially by the qualified electors of the Philippines. Each of the representative districts hereinafter provided for shall have the right to elect one representative. No person shall be an elective member of the House of Representatives who is not a qualified elector and over twenty-five years of age, and who is not able to read and write either the Spanish or English language, and who has not been an actual resident of the district from which elected for at least one year immediately prior to his election: Provided,That the members of the present Assembly elected on the first Tuesday in June, nineteen hundred and sixteen, shall be the members of the House of Representatives from their respective districts for the term esxpiring in nineteen hundred and nineteen. Section 15.-Qualification of Voters That at the first election held pursuant to this Act, the qualified electors shall be those having the qualifications of voters under the present law; thereafter and until otherwise provided by the Philippine Legislature herein provided for the qualifications of voters for senators and representatives in the Philippines and all officers elected by the people shall be as follows: Every male person who is not a citizen or subject of a foreign power twenty-one years of age or over (except insane and feeble-minded persons and those convicted in a court of competent jurisdiction of an infamous offense since the thirteenth day of August, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight) who shall have been a resident of the Philippines for one year and of the municipality in which he shall offer to vote for six months next preceding the day of voting, and who is comprised within one of the following classes: (a) Those who under existing law are legal voters and have exercised the right of suffrage. (b) T hose who own real property to the value of 500 pesos, or who annually pay 30 pesos or more of the established taxes. (c) Those who are able to read and write either Spanish, English, or a native language. Sedition Law of 1901 [No. 202.] AN ACT defining the crimes of treason, insurrection, sedition, conspiracies to commit such crimes, seditious utterances whether written or spoken, the formation of secret political societies, the administering or taking of oaths to commit crimes or to prevent the discovering of the same, and the violation of oaths of allegiance, and prescribing punishment therefor By authority of the President of the United States, be it enacted by the United States Philippine Commission, that: Section l. Every person, resident in the Philippine Islands, owing allej^ance to the United States or the Government of the Philippine* Islands, who levies war against them, or adheres to their enemies, jriving them aid and comfort within the Philippine Islands or else- where, is guilty of treason, and, upon conviction, shall suffer death or, at the discretion of the court-, shall l)e imprisoned at hard labor for not less than five years and fined not less than ten thousand dollars. Sec. 2. Every person, owing allegiance to the United States or the (Tovemment of the Philippine Islands, and having knowledge of any treason against them or either of them, who conceals, and does not, as soon as may be, disclost? and make known the same to the Provin- cial (Governor in the Province in which he resides, or to the Civil Governor of the Islands, or to some Judge of a Court of Hec »ord, is guilty of mLsprision of treason, and shall be imprisoned not more than seven years and be fined not more than one thousand dollars. Sec. 3. Everj’ pei*son who incites, sets on foot, assists or engages in any rebellion or insurrection against the authority of the Ignited States or of the Government of the Philippine Islands, or the laws thereof, or who gives aid or comfort to any one so engaging in such rebellion or insurrection, shall, upon (*onviction, lie imprisoned for not more than ten years and Ik* fined not more than ten thousiiud dollars. Sec. 4. If two or more persons conspire to overthrow, i)ut down or destroy by force, the Government of the ITnited States in the Philippine Islands or the Government of the Philippine Islands, or by force to prevent, hinder or delay, the execution of any law of the UnilcKl States or of the Philippine Islands, or by force to seize, take, or possess, any property of the United States or of the Government of the Philippine Islands, contrary to the authority thereof, (*aeri(Kl not more than six years. Sec. 5. All persons who rise publicly and tumultuously in onler to attain by force or outside of legal methwls any of the following object*, are guilty of sedition: 1. To prevent the promulgation or erson who shall utter seditious words or speeches, write, publish, or circulate, scurrilous libels against the Government of the United States or the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands or which tend to disturb or obstruct any lawful officer in exe- cuting his office, or which tend to instigate others to cabal or meet togetlier for unlawful purposes, or which suggest or incite rebellious conspiracies or riots or wiiich tend to stir up the i>eople against the lawful authorities or to disturb the i)eace of the community, the safety and order of the Government, or who shall knowingly conceal such evil pra(*tic( »s, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars or by imprisonment not exceeding two years, or both in the discretion of tlio Court. Sec. 9. All persons who shall meet together for the purpose of forming, or who shall form any secret society or who shall after the l)assago of this Act cont inue memlHjrship in a society already formed having for its object in whole or in part, the promotion of treason, r(‘l)(41ion or sc^dition, or the promulgation of any political opinion or policy, shall 1k » punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both. Sec. 10. lentil it has been officially proclaimed that a state of war or insurr( »ction against the authority or sovereignty of the United States no longer exists in the Philippine Islands, it shall be unlawful for any person to advocate orally or by writing or printing or like m( »tli(Kls, th(^ independence of the Philippine Islands or their separa- tion from the I’nited States whether by peaceable or forcible means, or to print, publish or circulate any handbill, newspaper, or other publication, advocating such indei>endence or separation. Any person violating th

Conflict between Science and Religion Essay

There have been numerous dissensions between science and religion. The central belief that the earth was the center of the universe prior to the presentation of the Copernican system was held in the primacy of man in the scheme of things, as designed by the will of God. The presentation that the earth was not the center of the universe was met with criticisms. The objections were not helped when it was found that our solar system is not even at the center of the universe but rather located in a spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy—one in a cluster of some two dozen galaxies, an infinitesimal part of a universe composed of millions of galaxies. One can only imagine how the religious sector reacted on the principle that our own Milky Way Galaxy is not even close to the center of the vast space of the universe. Conflict between science and religion climaxed when in 1859, Charles Darwin advanced his theory of evolution from natural selection in his work â€Å"On the Origin of Species† which was met with criticisms. The idea that God has not created man and placed him in the Garden of Eden was seen as an insult to Biblical teachings. Even today, evolution is a subject vigorously debated by those who support the theory and antievolutionists, especially those who call themselves creationists. Evidences show, however, that evolution indeed exists and continue to exist. The long evolutionary journey of species has even left its imprints upon the embryo of the individual organism. Despite conflicts between science and religion and an apparent steady movement away from religion, Arnold Toynbee held that man will turn from materialism to technology back to religion and spiritual values. For some time each religion will maintain its identity and minister to its own adherents, but as they are faced with a â€Å"shrinking† world, a positive tolerance will replace their traditional fanaticism.

Climate Smart Agriculture In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

In aftermath of planetary climatic alterations, the developing states like Pakistan will confront the brunt because of their socio-economic features and heavy trust on agribusiness. As clime alteration will impact the agricultural productiveness, Pakistan needs to follow a policy which will guarantee the nutriment of 180 million people. As portion of version scheme, there is a demand of climate smart agribusiness which comprises of IWM ( incorporate H2O direction ) , GMO ‘s ( Genetically Modified Organisms ) , micro crediting and funding, low delta harvests ( necessitate less H2O ) , organic manure, etc. This survey further compares the agricultural productivenesss of different LDC ‘s with Pakistan and their acceptance rate of Green Revolution. Results show that Pakistan, India and Bangladesh have an acceptance rate of more than 60 % , which is really high in comparing with other developing states like Afghanistan, Angola and Yemen, whose acceptance rate has been less tha n 2 % . Furthermore other developing states had non adequate environmental considerations as compared to Pakistan. Finally the survey concludes that even though we have given much importance to the environmental facets yet we will hold to make some more attempts to non merely increase agricultural productiveness but with the clime smart facets of agribusiness. Introduction In the hereafter, Global Warming due to climatic alteration is expected ( due to current planetary seasonal alterations it is expected that planetary heating is go oning in future ) . About 2oC to 4oC addition in temperature over the subcontinent is expected. In these rough conditions the deficit of fresh H2O supply from rivers every bit good as the altered rain autumn forms will decidedly upset our agricultural productiveness. As a consequence more poorness and other societal immoralities will be our destiny. Increased bio diverseness loss along with the clime alterations will increase the habitat loss and finally of all time increasing population ‘s demand of nutrient will be a large inquiry grade for the policy shapers of our state and political disposal. Forests screen of our state is every bit low as 2.2 % or about 1,687,000 hour angle which is being forested in Pakistan. 20.2 % ( 340,000 hour angle ) is classified as primary forest out of it, the most bio diverse and carbon-filled signifier of wood. Pakistan had planted forest 340,000 ha.A Change in Forest Screen: Between 1990 and 2010, Pakistan is losing an norm of 42,000 hour angle or 1.66 % per annum. In entire, between 1990 and 2010, Pakistan has lost 33.2 % of its entire forest screen or around 840,000 hour angle. Pakistan ‘s woods are comprised of 213 million metric dozenss of C in populating forest biomass, which will of class return to the ambiance due to the fast film editing of woods ( FAO, 2010 ) . All the above climatic alteration catastrophes will finally consequence the people of Pakistan ‘s wellness besides by lessening in fresh H2O supply from aquifers or rain H2O fluctuation and taint or by energy lack powered by deficient usage of hydel power and the effusion of epidemic diseases like malaria and dandy fever. Poor H2O supply, increased worm conditions and the increased strength of natural catastrophes will finally transport on holding large decease tolls and as the Malthusian theory suggests natural catastrophes does non care about who is traveling to be vanished, a bookman or any drone. History: – The traditional agricultural agriculture has been with us up to early 1960ss of twentieth century. Afterwards we had followed the green revolution techniques, and with this method we are in a place to go forth India and Bangladesh behind but were behind China in the acceptance rate. Adoption Ratess of Green Revolution Crop in Pakistan Old ages Wheat Rice Maize Millet Sorghum Lentils Land Nuts Potatos All Crops 1965 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 3 1970 15 30 0 0 0 0 0 20 35 1975 50 40 0 0 0 0 0 45 49 1980 88 45 0 0 7 0 0 50 64 1985 90 55 0 0 10 0 0 60 67 1990 91 70 5 5 15 3 1 70 71 1995 92 85 10 10 20 15 3 75 75 2000 95 99 15 15 21 33 5 80 81 The above tabular array is derived from ‘Robert E. Evenson ‘ ( talk in PDR ) â€Å" The Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution in Pakistan: Policy Deductions † . In this tabular array it is evident that the Green Revolution in Pakistan ab initio produced really good consequences i.e. 25 times from 1965 to 1995, with an one-year mean addition of 83 % . It is really high rate of addition in over all harvest outputs but if we compare the consequences with the harvest output addition in 1995-2000 with 1965-1995 ‘s, the one-year mean addition in harvest outputs, it is evident that the one-year mean addition in 1995-2000 remains every bit low as 21.6 % merely. It is clear from above consequences that the so called Green Revolution technique is bit by bit neglecting in our state. LT 2 % 2-10 % 10-20 % 20-30 % 30-40 % 40-50 % 50-65 % GT 65 % Afghanistan Burkina Faso Bolivia Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Algeries Argentina Angola Cambodia Dahomey Costa Rica United arab republic Persia Bangladesh Chile Burundi Chad Botswana Ecuador Mexico Kenya Brazil China Cardinal African Republic El-Salvador Cameroon Ghana South west africa Maroc Union of burma India Congo ( B ) Gabun Congo ( Z ) Lao people's democratic republic Paraguay Nepal Tunisia Dutch east indies Gambia Guatemala Ca »Ã¢â‚¬Å"te d'Ivoire Malagasy republic Peru Siam Malaya Guinea Bissau Guinea Yaltopya French sudan Saudi- Arabia Turkey Pakistan Mauritanie Haiti Liberia Sierra Leone South- Africa Philippines Mongolia Jamaica Honduras Syria Srilanka Niger Libya Mauritius Vietnam Somalia Nyasaland Nicaragua Yemen Mocambique Nigeria Panama Rwandese republic Senegal Soudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uruguay Uganda Venezuela Northern rhodesia Rhodesia Table from: Robert E. Evenson ‘ ( talk in PDR, 2010 ) Even though Pakistan is among those states whose acceptance rate of Green Revolution is more than 65 % . Even so we are confronting with the nutrient crises. Why? Because of several grounds i.e. political, societal and distributional grounds along with the territorial and cross boundary line influences. One of these grounds is the none usage of resources harmonizing to sustainable. By sustainable usage of resources we mean that inordinate usage of fertilisers is of no usage, we will hold to reconsider the national policy for the accomplishment of national ends, and that is the emerging construct of Climate Smart Agriculture, in which we must utilize our cherished resources in such a manner that neither there should be an inordinate usage of fertilisers and H2O etc nor we should go forth the hereafter nutrient demands of the of all time increasing population. On the other manus we could non accomplish â€Å" Gene Revolution † which is based on â€Å" Recombinant Deoxyribonucleic acid † , ( a familial Engineering technique ) because we had non introduced the nutrient safety and environmental safety ordinances which are required for Gene Revolution. Gene Revolution is comprised of Genetically Modified merchandises. Approximately 40 per centum of GM merchandises are GM harvest merchandises and 60 per centum are GM wellness merchandises ( Robert E. Evenson in PDR, 2010 ) . The GM harvest merchandises fall into three classs: ( a ) Herbicide Tolerant merchandises. ( B ) Disease Resistant merchandises. ( degree Celsius ) Insect Resistant merchandises ( chiefly from Bacillus thurengiensis ( Bt ) engineered into the works. If we could accomplish the Gene Revolution, it will be a success way taking to Climate Smart agribusiness. Expected Future of nutrient insecurity and Climate Smart Agriculture Post Harvest losingss of Crop The station crop losingss of different harvests of fruits and veggies occur due to hapless engineering of harvest home, improper timing of crop and burden of end product in the Fieldss and long distances from Fieldss to market. This station crop loss is vey important sum of entire end product. In Pakistan these losingss are besides really high particularly in fruits and veggies. Harmonizing to national statistics these loses in Pakistan are runing from 35 to 40 % . During the Kharif 2005-06 the production of veggies was 1.2 million dozenss while it dropped to under 1 million dozenss in 2009-10.Similarly, Rabi 2005-06 production of veggies was about 2.2 million dozenss which came down to 2 million dozenss in 2009-10.and at the same clip the population and demand is increased ( FAO study, 2010 ) . Stay Green seeds assortment should be used in production as this assortment delays the over maturating procedure and vegetable corsets green and remain fresh and functional on the workss for longer period. This will assist and farmer has more clip to reap the harvest and the opportunities of loss will be least. If the authorities take this issue earnestly and by presenting progress engineering and better the substructure it can get the better of these losingss. By making this authorities can guarantee more supply of fruits and veggies and set the monetary values at the lower limit degrees and guarantee the nutrient security in the state, as the most of the hapless people of Pakistan used veggies as the basic nutrient. ( Dawn Economic and Bushiness reappraisal, 25 April, 2011 ) Issues sing Agriculture in Pakistan: Water Handiness: – Pakistan is a H2O lacking state. Agribusiness is the largest individual user of H2O in the state, devouring about 99 per cent of available surface H2O and 92.5 per cent of groundwater beginnings. Groundwater contributes 57 per cent ( 40 MAF ) of entire H2O available at the farm gate, while 43 per cent of irrigation supply comes from river flows. Canal H2O diverted in an mean twelvemonth is 54 MAF, out of which 29 MAF is available at the farm gate. In Punjab, 99 % of surface H2O ( rivers, canals etc. ) and 92.5 % of groundwater ( tube Wellss etc. ) is used for irrigation/ Agricultural intents but, the groundwater is usually piquant doing salination ( Punjab Sustainable Development Report, 2010 ) . While, inordinate use of aquifer has reduced H2O tabular array and increased the cost of pull outing aquifer for irrigation intents. The quality of groundwater is fringy to brackish in 40 per cent of the country of the Indus basin in the state, impacting harvest outputs and taking to the sec ondary salinisation of dirts. Excessive extraction has lowered the H2O tabular array in many countries and increased the cost of pumping groundwater for irrigation. Quality has besides been affected, with the engagement of saline groundwater into the fresh groundwater zone. More over as India is increasing its dike, which will decline the jobs of Pakistan and as a consequence our agricultural production will besides endure. The increased H2O supply due to the climatic alterations i.e. runing the glaciers, will be used up by India. This is the state of affairs in H2O handiness. In Punjab, 99 % of surface H2O ( rivers, canals etc. ) and 92.5 % of groundwater ( tube Wellss etc. ) is used for irrigation/ Agricultural intents but, the groundwater is usually piquant doing salination. While, inordinate use of aquifer has reduced H2O tabular array and increased the cost of pull outing aquifer for irrigation intents ( Punjab Sustainable Development Report, 2010 ) . Water, hygiene, sanitation related diseases costs Pak. economic system Rs. 112 billions/year ( wellness + gaining losingss ) ( WB, 2006 ) ( Env. Degradation Losses ) Costs related to Diarrhea entirely = Rs. 55 to Rs.80 Billion/year High drop-out in schools Beginning: Pakistan Strategic Country Environment Assessment Report ( 2006 ) , The World Bank. Solutions for Water Availability: – So here we can utilize the Climate Smart technique to battle with the immorality of H2O deficit and H2O taints. With the improved H2O harvest home and increasing reservoirs such as dikes if non big dikes so there should be little dikes built desperately in rain fed countries of our state. Proper direction of effluent Water handiness and its taint should be stopped by participatory attack, affecting policy shapers, terminal users and contrivers. There is a technique which saves H2O and is called Alternate-Wetting and Drying ( AWD ) which was developed by the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) in cooperation with national research establishments. Conservation Agriculture ( CA ) is another smart agribusiness technique in which the straws of the harvested harvests are laid on the same field in a mode that it retains wet and birthrate of dirt, this technique is normally practiced in states like Egypt. Dirt foods and birthrate: – For Agriculture production the usage of fertilisers is practiced at really high degree to acquire more output per acre. The domestic production of fertilisers in the twelvemonth 2009-10 was estimated about 4.5 % , and the import of fertilisers was approximately 133 % increased in the same twelvemonth. The entire stock of fertiliser increased 25 % in Pakistan. Excessive usage of fertilisers has been doing debasement of dirts ‘ birthrate. In Pakistan, the usage of natural fertiliser ( organic ) is non being practiced at commercial degree but, at local degree this is practical ( Pakistan Economic Survey, 2009-10 ) . Issues: Due to the intensive usage of machinery and fertilisers soil productiveness alternatively of increasing it is diminishing. Under-utilization or over-utilization of fertilisers is an issue. Excessive usage of fertilisers is termed as â€Å" Fertilization Burn † which causes roots to dry out and even decease of the works. Nitrogen arrested development in the harvests is an indispensable portion and bring forthing unreal N fertilisers needs beginnings like fossil fuels and natural gas which is scarce in nature In the production of ammonia- the major constituent of fertilisers is produce by the usage of natural gas in industrial procedure which is a scarce resource. Soil eroding, Wind eroding, H2O logging Soil eroding causes deposits to settle down in dikes, agricultural run-off, wastewaters in the H2O and sewerage, causes eutrophication ( algae growing on the H2O surface ) . Solutions: Use of organic fertilisers Legumes or lentils ( protein rich beginning workss ) can be used as natural fertilisers which can besides turn to nutrient security issues and increase nutrient transition ratios and lessenings methane emanations besides called green manuring, normally cropped in between two harvests or inter-cropping and in agro-forestry systems to heighten dirt birthrate. Nitrogen is an indispensable food to increase harvest outputs, it can be achieved through composting manures and harvest residues, specifically utilizing techniques like ‘deep arrangement engineerings ‘ or else usage organic fertiliser. Pesticides: – There is inordinate usage of pesticides in Pakistan. In last two decennaries pesticides use has been 1169 % and at least more than 10 sprays are used on a individual harvest ( Technical bulletin, 2000 ) and 80 % pesticide are used on cotton workss ( Government of Pakistan, 2005 ) . Whereas, the old Torahs related to the usage of pesticides has non been updated yet ( Agriculture Pesticide Ordinance APO 1971 & A ; 1973, Mazari, 2005 ) . Issues: – Pesticides are considered one of the major beginnings to command plagues and other insects but they have their ain risky impacts because of soiled chemicals are used to organize pesticides called relentless organic pollutants ( POPs ) and therefore causes H2O pollution, dirt taint. Excessive usage of pesticides besides reduces the N arrested development in dirt, disturbs the pollenation procedure and destroys birds ‘ home ground. Plagues ‘ immune system develops a opposition against pesticides finally human need another type of pesticide to command the plagues. The usage of pesticides can hold an inauspicious consequence on human wellness. Solutions: – Use of good parasitic and marauding insects to command the plagues which are involved in diminishing the works growing such as, beetles etc. Seeds: – In Pakistan we are confronting with the job of lack of research based high giving up assortments ( HYVs ) seeds, on one side we have to pass cherished foreign exchange to purchase them and on the other manus, we are dependent on other states. We have established many agricultural research establishments and research labs like ; Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department ( FSC & A ; RD ) For illustration, Bt. Cotton is seed modified and developed by utilizing the techniques employed in Biotechnology. The usage of this seed increases the green goods by 30 % because it has a capacity to defy plagues, and cotton related diseases which certainly, increase the income of hapless subsistence husbandmans but still, there is a spread between supply and demand so, the monetary values of these HYVs are increasing. During the twelvemonth 2009-10 the 611 seed bring forthing companies are registered ( both populace and private sectors ) in Pakistan. Increasing the cost of production of agribusiness and decreasing the net incomes of husbandmans. More over these are non much reliable. These HYVs are tolerant to plagues, utmost temperatures and diseases. Issues Supply deficits along with dependability of these HYVs Poor provincials can non afford these HYVs These HYVs consume more H2O and we are H2O lacking state Solutions and benefits: – Domestic production of HYVs, which suit our environment Provision of capital to little husbandmans by the authorities Construction of new dikes ( little dikes ) Solution to post production losingss Increased supply of nutrient Stay green assortment of seeds should be used Farm Mechanization: – Farm mechanisation tendency is increasing overtime. It supports cultural patterns, in-time sowing, and decrease in station crop losingss. The farm mechanisation includes tractors, agriculturists, drills, wheat thrashers, sprays, power rigs, tubing Wellss and bull dozers. Entire figure of tractors being used is 342,000 in June 2005. It was expected that the figure of tractors will increase up to 466,000 in 2009-10 ( Working Draft, Planning Commission, 2010 ) . Decision: – To run into the turning demand of the agricultural goods specially for staple nutrient and at the same clip the menace of clime alteration has opportunities to go on as in 2010 the devastated inundations affect the state and damaged the harvests cultivated on 1000000s of hectares. Pakistan needs to follow climate smart agribusiness techniques to turn to this issue. As the FAO has proposed different valuable clime smart methods, Pakistan should follow these patterns as our state is labour abundant and most of our population is involved in agribusiness patterns. But there is deficiency of fiscal spreads. In this paper different issues and their solutions are highlighted different issues sing agribusiness sector which and besides some patterns of clime smart agribusiness is being done but harmonizing to potency of Pakistan ‘s agribusiness it is non being utilized. There is demand of policy devising should include all the stakeholders to do the agribusiness sector more productive a cquire the higher consequences by using the resources more expeditiously. Even though there are a batch of hurdlings in accommodating to the Climate Smart agribusiness technique such as institutional, societal, and political and deficiency of agricultural instruction, we have the possible to come up with this evident demand of future. We have to get down this now or otherwise it will be excessively late to be blamed by our hereafter coevalss, that what we were endowed and what we have left for them. Policy Recommendations: – Increase Agriculture production through debut of advanced engineerings, scientific method, and better policy devising Management and preservation of H2O resources in such a manner that more portion of the land is facilitated with more irrigated H2O like ; trickle irrigation Technique of Smart Agriculture ( intercrossed seeds, green manuring, H2O etc. ) in hard currency harvests in such a manner that their exports can be enhanced Using Research and Development ( R & A ; D ) for the production of Hybrid seeds within the state to cut down the imported seeds, and cut down the impacts of clime alteration doing seasonal holds. Agriculture recognition and micro funding installation should be easy available particularly to little husbandmans ( like ; one window operation ) . Guaranting the inducements for little husbandmans through support monetary value system ( subsidies by authorities ) so that their income may increase. Timely handiness of Agricultural inputs to cut down the negative impact of clime alteration on agribusiness. Development and debut of smart agricultural techniques to cut down the agricultural dirt emanations.

A Divine Image: a Direct Contrast to the Humanitarian Idealism Essay

In his 1932 article, â€Å"An Interpretation of Blake’s â€Å"‘A Divine Image,'† Stephen Larrabee views the entire poem as a direct contrast to the â€Å"humanitarian idealism† (307) of â€Å"The Divine Image,† with the author making direct line-by-line comparisons of the two. Not until 1959, however, does a critic actually examine Blake’s â€Å"virtues of delight.† In his The Piper & the Bard: A Study of William Blake, Robert Gleckner traces the psychological roots of each of those virtues, while asserting that Mercy, Pity, and Peace are each a part of, but distinct from, the fourth and greatest virtue – Love. Gleckner finally affirms the â€Å"human form divine† as a composite of all of the four virtues. Gleckner returns in 1961 with a comparison between â€Å"The Divine Image† and â€Å"The Human Abstract.† While primarily concerned with â€Å"The Human Abstract,† Gleckner does position the unity o f humanity and divinity in the four virtues of â€Å"The Divine Image† against the fall into fragmentation of the later poem. Gleckner also dismisses â€Å"A Divine Image,† the poem sometimes compared with â€Å"The Divine Image,† as a work with no subtlety of theme. Another comparison between â€Å"The Divine Image† and â€Å"The Human Abstract† occurs in Harold Bloom’s 1963 text, Blake’s Apocalypse: A Study in Poetic Argument. Here, Bloom asserts the deliberate incompleteness of â€Å"The Divine Image† by arguing that its God is a â€Å"monster of abstractions, formed out of the supposedly human element in each of Innocence’s four prime virtues† (41). Bloom continues by exploring the changes in the virtues from one poem to the other, finally exposing them as â€Å"founded upon the exploiting selfishness of natural man† (143). â€Å"The Divine Image† receives due critical recognition for the first time in 1964, when E. D. Hirsch asserts the centrality of the poem to the Songs of Innocence and of Experience by proposing as its them e the divinity of humanity and the humanity of divinity. Hirsch theorizes that Blake’s choice of virtues reveals his identification with God the Son (the New Testament God) over God the Father (the Old Testament God). In his 1967 discussion of the Songs of Innocence and of Experience, Sir Geoffrey Keynes concerns himself primarily with the plate of â€Å"The Divine Image.† Keynes first affirms the theme of the poem as â€Å"the identification of man with God† (Plate 18), and he then continues by arguing that the decoration on the plate – â€Å"a strange flame-like growth, half vegetable and half fire† (Plate 18) – is a symbol of human life. Meanwhile, David J. Smith returns to a comparison between â€Å"The Divine Image† and â€Å"A Divine Image† in a 1967 article entitled, appropriately enough, â€Å"Blake’s ‘The Divine Image.'† According to Smith, the less definite â€Å"A† in the title â€Å"A Divine Image† allows him to compare that poem’s remotely situated God with the immanent God of â€Å"The Divine Image.† Smith continues by placing the poetic speaker of â€Å"The Divine Image† in a state of innocence, thus explaining the â€Å"simplistic† unity of the virtues in the poem. John Holloway enters the critical discussion concerning â€Å"The Divine Image† in his 1968 text, Blake: The Lyric Poetry. In his rather straight, new-critical reading of Blake’s poems, Holloway compares the diction and meter of â€Å"The Divine Image† with that of hymns of the period. Holloway asserts that the poem contains no visionary quality because it is too neatly constructed – and because that neat construction invites a retort by the reader. Eben Bass’s 1970 article, â€Å"Songs of Innocence and of Experience: The Thrust of Design,† contains a narrow discussion of the relationship between the reversed â€Å"S† curve of the flame-plant in the plate of â€Å"The Divine Image† and Blake’s dramatization of the â€Å"two contrary statesà ¢â‚¬  of humanity. Robert Gleckner returns to the critical conversation in 1977 with his note concerning â€Å"Blake and the Four Daughters of God.† In this brief article, Gleckner argues that the allegory of the Four Daughters of God may be a source for Blake’s four virtues in â€Å"The Divine Image.† Gleckner continues by positing that Blake’s replacement of two of the â€Å"daughters† – Truth and Justice – with the virtues of Pity and Love might reveal his affirmation of the unity of divinity and humanity, for Truth and Justice may be viewed as Old Testament moral virtues that are bypassed by the New Testament Christ. Zachary Leader approaches the plate of â€Å"The Divine Image† from a different angle when he asserts in 1981 that the plate reinforces the poem’s theme (God as both transcendent and immanent) by positioning a Christ figure at the plate’s bottom (Earth) and angelic figures at the plate’s top (Heaven). Leader argues that the abstract quality of the poem reflects Blake’s dilemma in dealing with the qualities of an abstract God. Heather Gle n’s thorough examination of â€Å"The Divine Image† in her 1983 work, Vision and Disenchantment: Blake’s Songs and Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads, posits Blake’s poem as an â€Å"exploration of the dynamics of prayer† (150) by comparing it with Alexander Pope’s â€Å"The Universal Prayer.† Glen demonstrates the similarities between the structure of â€Å"The Divine Image† and the structure of a scientific experiment. She then proves that the poem moves from the abstraction of the four virtues to their embodiment in the human form divine. Finally, Glen reveals the two-edged nature of the virtues of Mercy and Pity by arguing that each contains a presumption of inequality within itself (an argument somewhat similar to that made by Bloom in Blake’s Apocalypse). Stanley Gardner briefly notes the plate of â€Å"The Divine Image† in his 1986 text, Blake’s Innocence and Experience Retraced. Gardner asserts that the design of the plate deals with the â€Å"ideal of reconciliation derived from the fulfillment of Christian compassion† (54). David Lindsay also concerns himself with the abstract virtues of â€Å"The Divine Image† in his 1989 work, Reading Blake’s Songs. Lindsay demonstrates the transforming power that â€Å"The Human Abstract† has upon the virtues of â€Å"The Divine Image† by asserting that the idolatry of the concepts of pity and mercy â€Å"propagates the suffering on which its idols thrive† (80). Finally (and perhaps fittingly), E. P. Thompson positions â€Å"The Divine Image† as the â€Å"axle upon which the Songs of Innocence turn† (146) in his 1993 text, Witness against the Beast: William Blake and the Moral Law. Thompson continues by exposing the â€Å"egalitarian humanism† (153) that underlies â€Å"The Divine Image.† According to Thompson, the poem concerns not divine humanity, but human divinity. Thompson does assert (like Hirsch) that Blake emphasizes the humanity of God the Son over the divinity of God the Father, but he concludes by demonstrating that the poet does not elevate Christ above the rest of the moral creation that shares in the same divine essence.

An Overview of Selective Amino acid Based NLO Crystals

An Overview of Selective Amino acid Based NLO Crystals Piperidine ring is one of the most recognizable structural entities among heterocyclic molecules [24]. Piperidine has a six-membered ring similar to cyclohexane with one methylene (CH2) replaced by secondary amino (NH) group. In 1853, Cahours, discovered the alkaloid piperine 1, which occurs in black pepper. Piperidine which was first isolated from piperine 1, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. Thousands of piperidine compounds have been cited in clinical and preclinical studies. The synthesis of piperidine is easy, economic and less time consuming. The parent molecule is flexible in nature and hence various derivatives can be easily prepared by altering its substituent. In recent years, research efforts have been made in exploring novel organic materials for their potential use in a variety of devices. The materials which could produce green/blue laser light and could withstand high energy light radiation are of vital importance for their uses in devices. The basic understanding of organic nonlinear optical materials has been well established and extensive studies have been motivated by their wide range of potential applications. Optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) induced by an acoustical field was observed in several composites, both in bulk as well as in large sized nano crystallite samples. The effect is generally explained by a non-centrosymmetric spatial charge density distribution of photo carrier excitation under an external acoustical field due to the electrostriction (photo acoustical) effects. An organic molecule should possess large second-order hyperpolarizability to exhibit good non-linear optical properties. ОІ can be enha nced by increasing the intermolecular charge transfer interaction and by extending the size of conjugated system. The piperidine derivatives are well known for their outstanding green light transmittance much better than those observed in inorganic crystals and show conspicuous inclination to crystallize as non-centrosymmetric materials. The structural flexibility of organic compounds is an asset for materials with optimized second order NLO susceptibility, fast response and tailor-made flexibility. An innumerable of organic crystals are synthesized and grown as a part of this. One of the noticeable requirements for nonlinear crystal is that it should have excellent optical quality. For a device to flourish, it is vital that it should meet a number of criteria such as optical nonlinearity, chemical and thermal stability for life time system capability. Organic NLO materials are attracting a great deal of attention for possible use in optical devices because of their large optical nonlinearity, low cut-off wavelengths, fast response time and high thresholds for laser power. Most of the organic molecules show large nonlinear optical response, with the electron-donor and electron-acceptor groups located at the extreme of a system involving correlated and high delocalized П-electron states. A nonzero SHG behavior is present in centrosymmetric crystals if chiral molecules and circularly polarized light are used. It has been recognized that the two-photon optical properties of materials should be affected by the donor acceptor strength, the molecular structure, the conjugation length and the intermolecular charge transfer etc. The D-A conjugated oligomers usually have two types of molecular structures, such as asymmetrical D-A type and symmetrical D-A-D or A-D-A type. The optical properties of these oligomers can be easily tuned by the introduction of different donor or acceptor moieties. Apart from structural flexibility, which allows fine-tuning of chemical structures for the desired NLO properties, the organic materials are of great technological interest due to their low cost, ease of fabrication, handy integration into devices, low dielectric constant, high electro-optic coefficient value, and resistance to laser damages. Polar organic crystals, which form non-centrosymmetric crystal structures, are attracting much interest due to their potentially high nonlinearities and a rapid response in electro-optic effects that often surpass those on inorganic nonlinear optical materials.