Conceptualization Treatment Plan Paper Essay

Abstract This paper is designed to focus on identifying conceptualization and treatment for clients regarding Individual Psychology. It begins with the client’s case study and history because it will give a stronger understanding of how the Individual Psychology theory is effective when working with this client. Understanding the dynamics of what the client has and is currently experiencing will allow the counselor the opportunity to point out the issues and address them individually. Details of the client’s concerns will be addressed, along with different techniques on dealing with the client, and some spiritual guidance to keep their spirits lifted during this process. The writer will connect the client’s flawed decisions with the new taught knowledge gained in counseling, in hopes of creating a stronger marriage and better person. The writer ends the paper by describing why the Individual Psychology Therapy was selected, how this therapy is used to treat the client, an d will describe any challenging aspects that may arise while working with the client. Keywords: Individual, psychology, therapy, theory, technique Client’s Presenting Concern Tina and John have been married for 12 years. Tina and John were both raised from a single mother. Tina never received any male affection as a child and she relied on sex and the attention men gave her. She sought out affection of any kind, but the affection from her husband wasn’t good enough. She also holds resentment and anger for the way John has treated their oldest daughter, Emily. Tina is remaining in the marriage right now, but she is emotionally and sexually disconnected and is planning on leaving. John had six sisters and even though it was a large family, he felt alone. John’s mother put men ahead of all six of her children. His sister’s followed in  his mother’s steps and connected love by men and sex. John never felt loved and searched desperately for love. Despite Tina’s multiple indiscretions John greatly wanted his marriage to last in spite of Tina’s repeated wants to leave him. Although John is not aware of Tina’s plan on leaving within the year he is very upset with her constant threat to leave and go back to her hometown. Individual Psychology Therapy Alfred Adler, one of Sigmund Freud’s students, created his own theory separating him from his teacher, and started his own theory (Stein & Edwards, 2011). Adler created the Individual Psychology, it focused on the individual as totality. Individual Psychology is defined as a cognitive, goal-oriented, social psychology concerned with an individual’s conviction, faith and awareness, along with each individual’s behavior. His focus was on the conscious and social drives. Adler believed that every person had self doubting and apprehensive times in their life, but deserved to be treated with respect and dignity (Milliren, Evans, & Newbauer, n.k.d.). Each person will have to identify their problem and work towards becoming a better person. Adler believed that each person manifested their own life course. Case Conceptualization Milliren, et. al (n.k.d.) stated that Individual Psychology had several fundamental principles, but the primary three are goal oriented goals, humans with the desire to belong and value themselves, and finally each person is inseparable and maintained wholeness through their personality. Adlerian psychology is different from any other school of psychology because it involved holism, purposiveness, and social interest. An unknown author from Adler Graduate School (2014), wrote, â€Å"thinking, feeling, emotion, and behavior can only be understood as subordinated to the individual’s style of life, or consistent pattern of dealing with life†. According to Milliren, et. Al (n.k.d.) there are three principles of Individual Psychology: the behavior is goal driven, humans had a need to belong and want to be desired, and each person is viewed as a whole with unique personalities and behaviors. When the client has started seeing a counselor they have come to the understanding of accepting there is a problem. When counseling begins the counselor must allow the client to address the concerns that has caused  them to go in for counseling. Once the concerns have been presented, the counselor begins to work towards implementing the changes into their life. Some physiological functioning along with the tasks of thinking, behaving, and feelings are all incorporated in the desire to reach their personal goal. Murdock (2009) believed that humans had an instinctive nature to always strive to obtain perfection, and understanding the desperation to succeed one can understand how the human path is created. Adler viewed family constellations into two separate ways to comprehend family positioning (Murdock, 2009, 140). There is a large amount of research differentiating the two ways and there are a vast amount of factors used in comprehending the differences. The first system is ordinal; this is order or number for each child born into the family (Shulman & Mosak, n.k.d.). For example when parents have children they place them in order of their first, second, or third born child. The second system is the birth order. A child’s birth order is determined by several factors. The first factor is if the children born in different environments (mentally and financially). The second factor is the psychological situation of the birth order of the child, which means if the first born does not act/represent like the first born as a leader, or example and the second child acts more mature than the second born will take the first born’s role. The third factor is amount of years between the siblings can amplify, or reduce arguments and fights between the siblings. Finally, the birth order is an influence. Birth order is not set in stone, the interaction with the parents also influence the order. Adler believed that everyone’s life plan was created by the time they were 5 years old (Murdock, 2009, p. 118). John was the third child of the family; however, he was the only one of the family who had a job. His mother and sister’s worked at fast food restaurants, or they did telemarketing while he went into the military to get him out of the city. Although he wanted more of his life than how he was raised, John was not aware of how to express his emotions. He was taught to keep everything in because if you showed emotions as a boy, it means you are weak. So, now John is not able to express all of his feelings to Tina. He can only show anger, or he pulls away from everyone. John views himself as a good husband and father, because he is still in the home with them and in his children’s lives. He feels that he has not abandoned them, so everything should be great in their lives. Despite the fact that John is not involved in any of his children’s activities, or has any knowledge about their school progress he feels like he is a good father because he doesn’t know any different. Goals and Interventions John is not aware of any problems in the family. He views that he is a good dad because he is in the home. He feels this way because he provides a nice home, insurance, security, and the comforts of having financial stability. He is in the home and able to help with disciplining the children when needed. John refuses to go to counseling because he feels that he does what he has to do as a man. He is not supposed to show emotions. He is supposed to keep his emotions in because no one wants to hear a man complaining. Counselors that practice Adlerian therapy believe that any client is able to change. The counselors incorporated three factors that are needed in working with clients, such as: love, faith, and hope (Murdock, 2009, p.128). The love is a general term. In order for the client to want to change they must feel like the counselors cares about them. Faith is shown by a counselor having confidence and is able to support the client. Having hope means that the counselor must ensure the client that they are able to succeed in life. In order for the counselor to be able to help the client, the counselor will need to understand each client, his lifestyle, and their reasoning for their actions. There are several techniques used to help clients under the Individual Psychology therapy. One of the techniques used is interpretation. When a counselor uses interpretation they use all of the information gained and attempt to make sense of the client’s lifestyles, dreams, and circumstances. The client is then able to offer their personal thoughts on how the information is perceived. The second technique used in Individual Psychology therapy is encouragement.  Encouragement is the continuation of interpretation of the client’s lifestyle, dreams, and circumstances. Encouragement is normally given prior to the client attempting to make the change. Encouragement is given as hope, or optimism to help to build the client’s confidence while they take on new tasks in their life. The third technique is acting as if. This is when clients have excuses for their behavior. When a client starts a sentence with â€Å"if only†, this is an attempt for the client to try to make sense of the issue. The counselor should ask the client how things would be different â€Å"if only† those items were real. Once the question is answered, then the counselor will be able to redirect and change the client’s view. Spiritual Application The Individual Psychology is based on the understanding the life of a person as a whole. Murdock (2009) wrote humans have an innate drive to be successful and survive. God created all humans equally, without envy. Attempting to have the clients to view themselves as equals to others will help keep the client spiritually connected and happy. This type of therapy requires the client to completely honest with themselves and others. The goal of the therapy is to assist the client in understanding the wrong lifestyle that they had been living and to correct the thought process. Conclusion This paper was composed from a case study of John and Tina, then it was enhanced with the Individual Psychology Therapy. This therapy was used because I feel that any type of therapy begins with the individual and the individual wanting to change. This type of therapy was a benefit to the client, because it focused on increasing the self. I think the most difficult aspect of this therapy was acknowledging the problem, accepting the problem, and correcting it. References Milliren, A., Evan, T., and Newbauer, J. (n.k.d.). Adlerian Theory. Carter & Evans Marriage and Family Therapy: Retrieved on February 2, 2014, from http://www.carterandevans.com/portal/index.php/adlerian-theory/69-adlerian-th

Analysis of Wal-Mart Managerial Accounting Process Essay

Company Description For the final project of managing finance Wal-Mart Stores Inc is chosen as the discussion target. Being one of the grocery retail shop leaders in the world, Wal-Mart (WM) operates business with 10,000 retail units in 27 countries with about USD444 million of sales in 2012 (Wal-Mart homepage 2012). Driven by the corporate strategies, WM growth rapidly around the world. To support the growth, managerial effectiveness in the operations is very important. Since budget is the first step which put manager’s plan into operation, let’s take a close look at WM’s budgeting process. Budgeting Process Budget reflects a company’s plan, both long and short term, to accomplish business objectives. The focus of the WM’s budgeting system is on providing  better quality and services to the customers. WM follows needed considerations in its budgeting process and procedures. They implements flexible budget in its business that identifies overhead cost drivers and allocates capital to those over head costs properly. Through this way, WM is able to make a budget for different levels of activity. WM set goals and objectives and define their mission and vision clearly in their budgeting process. They plan for the stock requirement in order to achieve the forecasted level of sales. Budgeting process is also helpful to measure the performance of different departments in WM. It enables them to manage costs of different levels of action by weighing the actual costs against the budgeted cost (Plunkett, Attner & Allen, 2011, p. 558-560). WM takes corrective action to control those costs in order to make this closer the flexible budget prepared in advance. WM communicate goals and targets of each employee through budget and continuous report back to the corporate on operation, investment and financial activities based on budget information. Its budgeting procedures help WM to be competitive in cost and to economically use the resources that made better revenue for the company. In contrast to this, in this procedure, prediction is difficult for the manager because they believe on a range of estimates of what to expect financially. In addition, this process also depends on various variables that affects to each other. It is very complicated to prepare and difficult to understand for other employees of the company (Axson, 2010, p. 132-140). Management Accounting System Management accounting system (MAS) in WM play a crucial role to improve their business activities effectiveness. Management accounting information are collected, stored and prepared through use of well designed accounting information system. It simplifies getting information to people outside of the organization when necessary. Through use of MAS, WM determines its initial purchase price of raw material including subsequent operating and maintenance costs. MAS help to evaluate the pricing structure’s effectiveness by showing cost, sales and revenue data. It gives idea to the company to decide the price of the product to be competitive in the market. WM disseminates this information to its various parties through conducting  formal and informal meetings, conferencing, global network and employees’ survey techniques (Needles, Powers & Crosson, 2010, p. 720-722). Moreover, WM mainly uses its accounting reports based on principles of GAAP to make inform its stakeholders about its financial position. WM uses the strategic management accounting system which helps to enhance the effectiveness of decision making within the company. WM use MAS for everything from entering in new market to vendors/products selection and even new pricing process, promotion strategies and to distribution (Needles, Powers & Crosson, 2007). The accounting information from MAS of WM helps in planning, controlling and other managerial activities. Their system also able to come up all kind of alternatives with integrated accounting information which assist management to find out the best strategy for organizational effectiveness improvement (Wal-Mart homepage 2012). WM disseminate managerial accounting information through budgets for all departments which help all departments to facilitate proper integration in all kind of activities within the company. WM currently uses Vision Suite accounting software that includes different aspects of finance like AR/AP, general ledger, check writing and external accounting integration. This software is faster and relatively cheaper and generates accounting documents automatically. Through this, many types of useful reports can be generated for management to make decisions. On the other side, it can be susceptible for computer viruses and hackers. In absence of proper control and security, it can create problems for the confidentiality of the company (Gilbertson & Lehman, 2008, p. 6, 437 ). Costing System In term of costing process, WM is focus on inventory control since that is the most important part of their business to determine its profitability. To determine the cost of inventory, WM uses several costing method. In order to reduce inventory cost as well as determining accurate cost of products, WM uses both LIFO and FIFO. By using the retail method of accounting, inventories are at low cost or at least at market rate. This will help to increase the effectiveness of operation since WM is retail  business and this will facilitates competitive advantage over competitors. According to WM’s 2012 annual report, they use LIFO to determine weighting average cost for products in US and for inventories for international operations are using the FIFO method (Wal-Mart annual report 2012, page 31). These differences way of costing will enhance effectiveness of the company in managing cost. WM accomplish their strategy, â€Å"everyday low cost approach† (EDLC) through these co sting method (Wal-Mart annual report 2012, page 18). So as to allocate cost to different products, WM uses the activity based costing (ABC) system. ABC system enables the WM to better understand the cost structure and cost drivers. On the basis of this, WM takes effective decisions regarding price structure. The ABC approach can exhibit the actual work done relating with production more accurately in order to be useful in management accounting. The ABC system is used by management to collect a full cost view. VM can reduce the overhead cost by minimizing the number of cost drivers (Leitner, 2007, p. 5). In contrast to this, there is possibility that as per this method, costs can be more than profits. Apart from this, it also requires data input from multiple departments that can create greater risk of failure of data inputs. The cost of managing the system is also high due to having more cost pool volume. For instance, Wal-Mart is a large organization, as cost accounting information is difficult to separate, due to the presence of multiple product lines and numerous machine setups in complex production environments (Drury, 2006, p. 350-362). Capital Decision Making Process Evaluation of investment appraisal techniques is useful in capital decision making process by bringing together financial and strategic aspects of the project. The capital investment decisions of WM are mainly driven by its financial priorities such as growth, leverage and returns on investment. The major concern of WM is international expansion and its profitability (Wal-Mart annual report 2012, page 28). WM select and manage projects through the below steps: 1. Project information collection – collect information such as past performance, costs, benefits and associated risks. 2. Evaluating the project – Use cost benefit analysis, net present value, IRR etc to evaluate the project. WM uses discounted cash flow (DCF) investment appraisal technique in capital decision making process. They only invest its capital in projects that meet stringent payback periods and yield at least a required rate of return in a DCF analysis (Brigham & Daves, 2012, p. 544-549). 3. Selecting project – WM uses NPV and IRR method to evaluate projects’ alternative. For selecting projects, they will based on different criteria of the projects, but also taking into account the incremental revenue, time, company reputation etc.. The above help WM to ensure optimal utilization of their capital resources. For example, WM’s new solar project in California, they focused on DCF method to decide that it should invest its capital in this project or not. After implementing this technique, WM determined the average payback period for its energy saving projects that was 6.3 months. It also provided an annual return on investment of 190 percent on these projects that was profitable for the company. Therefore, WM wants to consider these discount flow values for its new solar project in order to make profits as future prospective (Ailworth, 2012). Capital Structure In term of capital acquisition decision, the main criteria are the long term sustainability and stability in performance. The cash flow is the main source of capital that ensures the long term success. WM considers market position, market trend, credit policy, financial status and stakeholders’ interests before deciding the best sources of acquiring financial capital. Sometimes, it also considers the financing cost to arrange the capital for running its operations. Credit rating of the company influences the WM’s decision on capital structure because its good rating helps it to take the credit from the financial institutions (Kronwald, 2010, p. 5-16). Instead of issuing common equity, WM is relying more on funds borrowing from market. Additionally, capital structure of WM is risky as their financing  rely heavily on debt or loans that may impact earnings. WM has been operating at 1.71 debt equity ratio (Yahoo Finance, 2012). Funding decisions of WM is associated with capital rising through debt more because of taking benefits of tax deduction and lower financing cost. â€Å"It has some implications such as funds generation; positive impact on financial result or company performance and meeting needs on operation and investment† (Seidman, 2004, p. 77-80). This is important to maintain low capital cost while achieving the company goals in the capital structure of the company (Wal-Mart Annual report 2012 page 28). Conclusion In order for the company to make effective managerial decision, various kinds of processes and approaches in budgeting and costing are necessary. WM implemented a well quality budgeting process which improves their effectiveness in accomplishing their objectives. Their budgeting process helps to motivate and improve effectiveness of employees and also help to create long term objective for the organization. They use MAS to do have the most cost effective vendors and products selection and also to manage all the accounting information to improve the effectiveness of the managerial decision. In order to reduce the total cost of products and maintain competitive position in the market, WM selected the appropriated costing process and procedure. Given their effective method of capital resources and effective capital structure for obtaining capital which helps WM to be efficiency in a lot of capital decision making as well as objectives accomplishment. In summary, the overall managerial a ccounting practices with WM is quite effective. Information Sources and Methodology Most of the information of this discussion was collecting from the annual report of WM for 2012. In addition, finance text books, journals and web sites are being used as well. For the annual report, 3 years has been reviewed in order to have a more clear picture of their growth as well as if there were any managerial practices or process been changed. A lot of information about WM’s financial and managerial accounting systems such as budgeting/costing process, capital structure etc are available in those resources. Observation methodology is used to analyze information. References Ailworth, E. (2012). â€Å"Walmart to install solar panels on 27 stores in Mass.† Retrieved from: http://bostonglobe.com/business/2012/05/14/walmart-install-solar-panels-stores-mass/kxHjt9sQrPxSvN5sPWTjsN/story.html Accessed on : Oct 25, 2012 Brigham & Daves, P. R. (2012). â€Å"Intermediate Financial Management†. USA: Cengage Learning. Drury, C. (2006). â€Å"Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction†. USA: Cengage Learning EMEA. Gilbertson, C. B. & Lehman, M. W. (2008). â€Å"Fundamentals of Accounting: Course 1†. USA: Cengage Learning. Kronwald, C. (2010). â€Å"Credit Rating and the Impact on Capital Structure†. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Leitner, A. (2007). â€Å"Activity Based Costing†. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Needles, B. E., Powers, M. & Crosson, S. V. (2010). â€Å"Financial and Managerial Accounting†. USA: Cengage Learning. Plunkett, W. R., Attner, R. F. & Allen, G. S. (2011). â€Å"Management†. USA: Cengage Learning. Axson, D. J. (2010). â€Å"Best Practices in Planning and Performance Management: Radically Rethinking Management for a Volatile World†. USA: John Wiley & Sons. Seidman, K. F. (2004). â€Å"Economic Development Finance†. UK: SAGE. Yahoo Finance (2012). Retrieved from: http://in.finance.yahoo.com/q?s=WMT Accessed on : Oct 25, 2012 Walmart Homepage 2012. Retrieved from: http://corporate.walmart.com/our-story/our-stores Accessed on : Oct 25, 2012 Walmart Annual report 2010 to 2012. Retrieved from: http://stock.walmart.com/annual-reports Accessed on : Oct 25, 2012

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay Example for Free

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay Creative writing (164) , English language (137) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints In America, English is the national language. However, with many different cultures and ways of life, everyone doesn’t speak the same English. In the north, people tend to speak clearly and to some this is correct. In the south, people tend to tie their words together and to some this is incorrect. Ultimately, the question is, is what is good language what is bad and what causes the two. In Orewell’s piece, he criticizes the English language starting from the teachers who teach us on to the authors who entertain us. He emphasizes how bad language begins with those to people and their bad habits. He also stresses that if we â€Å"remain strong in this fight against bad English† then we will soon overcome the bad habits and whatnot. Orewell talks about dying metaphors and usage of words that aren’t in layman term. He suggests that when authors use common metaphors and uncommon scientific words, they are writing incorrectly. Consequently, readers and other writers are reading, writing, and learning incorrectly. In my opinion, Orewell’s essay was not efficient in any way. He was nothing short of a hypocrite doing what they do best. He speaks of creative writing and original methapors, but he uses neither. He speaks of using cumbersome words that nobody relates to, yet the majority of his essay was written as if he spoke old English. He doesn’t follow any of the rules that he strongly suggests will bring us out of this fight of bad English. He’s setting no example for the so-called unrightfully successful authors and novice writers. The English language has many different meanings, expressions, causes and effects. So many, that there can no be one specific person determining which are the most perfect. As stated before different regions of the U.S. determine how those people talk, so unconsciously people read and write the way they speak. Many authors use metaphors to allow the audience to better relate to the message their relaying. Many authors use scientific and uncommon words to help broaden their readers vocabulary and to expose them to more than they knew before reading their piece. These critical readers  pick up dictionaries and thesauruses and begin to further explore the language they’re so familiar with. Orewell is neither the most qualified nor perfect person to suggest how authors should write. After all, no on is criticizing his piece and how it negatively drew the audience in. If he is criticizing the way English is taught then he’s ultimately criticizing the way people interpret. Many people are doing just fine without Orewell’s negative views of the English language. Causes and Effects of the English Language. (2016, Jun 06). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Culture dependent vs culture independent methods Lab Report

Culture dependent vs culture independent methods - Lab Report Example 104). Some of the techniques that can be applied include, but not limited to performing rDNA PCR amplification on clinical specimens regarded sterile, such as blood. It is however advisable that this technique should not be employed with specimens originating from nonsterile sites such as faeces (Litton, 2010 p. 56). Collection of specimens such as conventional assays needs aseptic precautions. Litton (2010, p.57) claims that in order to curb contamination DNA brought by specimen collection vials, ensuring that the environment where work goes on is well organised also helps with this. Contamination linked to personnel working in the laboratory can be avoided by wearing cloves made of gloves or latex plus white coats. As for those contaminations resulting from consumable reagents and plastic wares, prior screening of each and every reagent before use in diagnostic assays (Litton, 2010 p. 56). 3. Find at least one peer-reviewed scientific research article regarding the bacteria that normally reside in the human mouth and provide references. Describe the groups of bacteria these studies identified to be present in the human mouth. Some of the bacteria that reside in the mouth include but not limited to, staphylococcus with the most common ones being S.epidermidis and S.aureus. They are oval in shape and posses a thick cell wall, named gram-positive. They cause infections in human population when presented with optimal conditions (â€Å"New bacterial species found in human  mouth† 2008, p.26). Bacteria from the genus streptococcus forms the largest number of all the organisms found in the mouth. Some of the species here include, but not restricted to, S. mutans, S. mitis, S. salivarius, S. pneumoniae and S. Pyogenes. They are also oval in shape like the staphylococcus. S.mutans is also responsible for cavity formation in teeth by converting sucrose sugar into lactic acid which

Freedom of expression should be guaranteed. Discuss Essay - 1

Freedom of expression should be guaranteed. Discuss - Essay Example OECD and African Development Bank (2012) point that freedom of expression includes the right for one to freely hold opinions without there being any interference as well as the innate right for individuals to be able to seek impart and receive ideas and information via the use of various media irrespective of the possible frontiers. Guaranteeing freedom of expression basically means that individuals are assured of this inalienable right without failure; in this regard freedom of expression should be guaranteed as it is essentially an inseparable element of democracy and the modern day free press. Freedom of expression generally aids society in exercising control over various state authorities as well as in maintenance of a system whereby the society is essentially self controlled as is dictated by the demands of democracy. Self controlled societies are responsible for making their own decisions and it is only possible for these societies to be able to do this if they are well informed and has in place and system that encourages open exchange of opinions via the various mass media. This essay will critically underscore some of the various reasons as to why freedom of expression in mass media should be guaranteed in relation to its importance in mass media. Guaranteed freedom of expression is an important contributor to the democratic belief that the government should necessarily be restrained by a system of various balances and checks. These checks and balances are designed to restrain it from corruption, tyranny and ineptitude (Human Rights Watch 2011). By utilizing the freedom of expression that is available to it, the press can be able to promote democracy by facilitating a free flow of information and providing important information to the public, which can in turn help the public in making crucial decisions affecting the state as it has the right to protest

Gun Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Gun Control - Essay Example The gun control law will be brought to action after the Governor Dannel Molly signs it and this legislation would make Connecticut third state that has brought into action such toughest Gun Control Laws. 100 different types of guns are banned with a strict background on past sold weapons. Furthermore the newspaper posted Connecticut shot dead incident at elementary school Newtown that took place on 14th of December. According to this incident Adam Lanza - a twenty years old man shot 20 children with 6 adults and soon after killing them, he killed himself at Sandy Hook Elementary School. President of Iran Ahmadinejad sent condolences to the U.S President over the shooting incidence in Connecticut’s elementary school. He strongly condemned the violence attacks and hit hard the U.S policies and laws on gun control. In addition to accusing the shooting at elementary school incident he also high lightened the recent killing incidents of Colorado cinema creating hassle and harassmen t across American public. The president of Iran spoke about the inappropriate and loosely bound laws of gun control that had been provoking killing attacks back in 2007 in Virginia Tech that shot down 32 people (English.farsnews.com, 2013, April 21).   The Australian newspaper reporting the voice of Australia and the media also reported and published gun control laws, their appropriateness and in suitability. The Australian Newspaper published this very auspicious news when there was massacre and bloodshed reported in the major states of U.S and invoked the attention to the strong, strict and controlled gun control laws of Australia in comparison to the U.S. the media took the... Gun Control Responsible citizens are considered to contribute to society benefits by using firearms in a correct way. For ensuring gun control U.S government and defense department has chalked out some rules for the possession of firearms. Some of the points included for registered are extracted from the Federal Gun Control Act developed in 1968 in the U.S for possession of fire arms are responsible citizens abiding law, not addicted to drugs and alcohol, possessing U.S citizenship and must not be dropped out from military services (Moore & Reed, 1995). Not only crime issues but other issues such as hunting whether as a sport or for food purposes, has also reflected the serious issues of gun control legally and politically. Hunting is dangerous for wildlife and the natural environment as well. Even shooting has been a part of Olympic games and the use of pistols, guns, rifles etc had been a normal activity during sports in Olympic since 1912 (Moore & Reed, 1995). This paper has extracted content from various papers and stories from different countries such as Australia and its newspaper The Australian, Iran and its newspaper Fars News Agency and U.S and its newspapers Los Angeles Times. Severe punishment enforced by gun control laws and reforms and imprisonment laws must be enforced to avoid the misuse and unauthorized possession of guns and ammunitions. On the other hand gun control laws must not be enforced with such tightly bonded realm where law abiding and responsible citizens are also punished by restricting them to the use of firearms.

Floating and Fixed Exchange Rate Regimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Floating and Fixed Exchange Rate Regimes - Essay Example Views on the cause and lessons of the Mexican monetary crisis differ as evidence in numerous media articles and educational studies subsequent the crash. To some, the depression of the peso was a terrible mistake. To others, the final collapse seemed predictable and the only subject was timing. Dornbusch, Goldfajn, and Valdes fit in to the latter. They quality the disaster to the nominal exchange rate fasten and unsustainable real approval of the peso. This view is communal by Obstfeld who states that it is dangerous to rely on the exchange rate as the main long-term instrument for plummeting chronic high price rises. Similarly, Edwards blames the unsustainable present account deficit, caused by genuine approval and financed by large assets inflows, for the peso fall down The instinct that the slope of the Phillips curve is connected to openness is based on models of little open economies with supposed rigidities. In such models, surprising monetary expansion characteristically leads to real money depreciation. There are potentially two belongings on the trade-off. When price rises is measured in terms of a customer cost index, the result of the depreciation on the domestic cost of imports will add to the price raises cost of a financial expansion. Meanwhile, if salary is partly indexed to a customer cost index, or if overseas goods are old as intermediate inputs in home production, the production gain to a known monetary growth will be abridged. Both effects denote that the Phillips curve is probable to be steeper in comparatively unlock economies, but this theory has hardly ever been experienced (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs). Clearly the quarrel rests winning systematic exchange rate effects of financial shocks. As discussed by Obstfeld and Rogoff (1996, pp. 621-22) the conservative wisdom is that main strategy shifts are indeed linked with exchange rate changes, precisely as predicted by powerful models with supposed rigidities such as that of Dornbusch (1976). They quote as examples the Volcker depression of the early 1980s in the United States, the Thatcher-Howe depression in the United Kingdom at the similar time, and the experiences of more than a small number of Latin American countries in the 1990s. That supposed, Obstfeld and Rogoff also summit out that the aptitude of the Mundell-Fleming-Dornbusch model to forecast exchange rate changes methodically is rather additional contentious. The Impacts of Capital Inflows A country's equilibrium of payments (BOP) can be alienated into two parts: the in general balance (OB) and the equilibrium of official set aside transactions (OR). The technological setup of BOP is such that OB + OR = 0. OB consists of the present account equilibrium (C) and the non-official assets account equilibrium (K) (hereafter this is just referred to as the assets explanation all through the paper). OR reflects the monetary authority's interference in the overseas exchange market. Under a merely floating exchange rate regime, the monetary right is not compelled to interfere so that the exchange rate will regulate in a

Writing comments Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Writing comments - Coursework Example It is important that the values of communicating with people of other nations that people working internationally together in the business world recognize the privacy, cultural sensitivity, teamwork, legality and privacy (Voss and Flammia, 73) and American interpretations of those are respectful of other countries in order work together in a global economy. As Americans, it must be acknowledged that there are these differences and that being ethnocentric and believing that doing business such as it is done in the United States is not the only way that it is always done. There is no doubt that business is not conducted in just one country anymore as not everything wears the ‘Made in America’ stamp. One major aspect in global business that can be a huge hurdle that is only the beginning is the fact that not everyone speaks English. In a study acknowledged by Barry L. Thatcher, he pointed out that in a study of over 200 countries, over 50 languages were spoken (178). However, working together globally, this is an important concept to understand. Not everyone in other places work the same way that those businesspeople in America do. Business theory is not universal but instead cross-cultural and when conducting it, it is important to take note of these differences and instead to adapt to how all can work together to achieve a smoothly functioning working global

Antibiotic sensitivity Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Antibiotic sensitivity - Lab Report Example The third section contains the results generated from the lab report while the fourth section contains the discussions of the results generated herein. The last section has the conclusion on the overall matters discussed I the entire paper Antibiotic sensitivity is also referred to as the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria to a given antibiotics. Susceptibility tests are conducted, in laboratories, to investigate which antibiotics would be suitable for treating a bacterial infection in question (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2002; Lalitha, Manayani, Priya, Jesudason, Thomas, & Steinhoff, 1997). Various methods have been developed by scientists to help in testing for sensitivity/ susceptibility of bacteria to a given antibiotic. These methods include the CDS method (Murray, 1990), the Stokes method (Hiramatsu, Hanaki, Ino, Yabuta, Oguri, & Tenover, 1997), the E- test method (Lalitha, Manayani, Priya, Jesudason, Thomas, & Steinhoff, 1997), and Agar and Broth method (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002) among others. These methods can be categorized as quantitative methods (Hamilton-Miller & Shah, 2000), qualitative methods (Tait-Kamradt, Davies, Appelbaum, Depardieu, Courvalin, & al., 2000), automated susceptibility tests (Malbruny, Werno, Anderson, Murdoch, & Leclercq., 2004), newer non- automated susceptibility tests (Chu, Afzah-Shah, Huang, Palepou, & Lyon, 2001), and the molecular tests (Kirby, Sader, Walsh, & Jones, 2004). Each of the listed tests above is applicable in either of the two cases of bacterial resistance. Bacteria exhibit two kinds of resistance to antibiotics; these are the intrinsic resistance and the acquired resistance. Intrinsic resistance is a condition whereby the bacteria are naturally resistant to a given antibiotic even before its use. Acquired resistance, on the other hand, is acquired by

Female Dishonor in The Death of Woman Wang Essay

Female Dishonor in The Death of Woman Wang - Essay Example Woman Wang is an ill-fated personage who symbolizes the pervasive silence or constrained muffling of women. Spence unearths the judicial system in the Qing dynasty and demonstrates the odds which were against women. Woman Wang does not speak much and one observes that her husband and illicit lover are the ones who hold primary discourse. Because of the shameful circumstances surrounding her ignominious death, the law dictates that no one has the right to touch her. Only another old village woman can do a post-mortem examination to probe the cause of death. Woman Wang, as a result, attained an ‘untouchable’ and outcast position.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Throughout much of Chinese history, mortal-moral women have been held in highest esteem†¦the one central characteristic of their appeal was that they served as moral exemplars†¦ role models and as ideal cultural archetypes† (Peterson) Chinese historic annals applaud chaste women. On the other hand, the dishonored women w ould fade into oblivion, names forgotten or expunged from records. The survival of the mini-narratives through Spence’s account signifies that even the women with alleged marred reputations still deserved a place in history and their tales mentioned.   Illegitimate legal practices riddled the Chinese justice system, ensuring that women would be voiceless or unable to prosecute their abusers. Women were labeled as natural fornicators; therefore, cases of rape go unpunished. The prejudiced system comprised of Emperor, magistrates, diplomats, literati, and husbands. Also as a result of gross inequalities, men have unrestrained freedom to leave their wives and forsake their children to pursue another lover (Jurich 12). The dishonor of women is a reflection of the cheap worth put on their lives by society. In one scenario, Woman T’sai’s husband runs through her estate after marriage in dissipated living. He then plans to sell his wife as prostitute to continue drinking and gambling. This brief outline demonstrates a practice which was not only common, but also accepted (Hughes 16). Prostitution is one of the lowest ranks to which a woman in the moral-conscious society in China could sink. Ironically this ‘industry’ which exploited women thrived. The subject of prostitution is therefore a hypocritical contradiction, which allowed men unlimited latitude for sexual relations and imposing restraints on the woman. Spence unfolds a story of another notorious death of a woman – pushed by her forlornness to suicide. Nan San Fu agrees to marry a woman named Tou. Here, the reader observes the carefree, wayfaring man, the desertion of dishonored women by fiancà © and family, socioeconomic and emotional depression, a last petition and suicide.

Football the Good Essay Example for Free

Football the Good Essay My favorite sport is foot ball. Foot ball is considered a contact sport. It allows you to meet other boys my age. But most of all it helps me to build physically and mentally. There is nothing like getting in to the uniform and out on the field. I like to look at the crowd and hope they are going to cheer for my team. Before we get on the field, we have to do a few exercises which keeps us limber and in shape. We do push up and run, there are other exercises we have to do in our practice sessions. Which is at least 4 times week? I believe in football you get more exercises than any other sport. I like the fact that we can play under the lights at night. This seems to be the best time to draw a crowd to cheer you on and parents arent so apt to be working so they can come and enjoy the game. Nothing makes me prouder than to have my dad tell me what a good job i did. My dad loves football as much as I do and it seems to bring us together more. We watch a lot of football on television. Yes, you can get hurt in football, which is why some kids dont want to play. But, some hospital records show that you get hurt just as much or even more playing soccer. You can get hurt playing baseball and some of the other sports also. To be honest, I would not suggest playing a sport of any kind if you are afraid of getting hurt. Not only do you get the satisfaction of playing the sport, you can also get the attention of the cheerleaders. Who wouldnt want that? I have played football since I was A young boy and I hope to play in college. Who knows I may get scouted for the major leagues. Yes football is my favorite sport whether I am playing or watching it on television.

Hero and Mrs. Fisher Essay Example for Free

Hero and Mrs. Fisher Essay Heroism is a role model and someone who helps others with out personal gain or need, and they show support. Tangerine by Edward Bloor contains characters that are heroes and non-heroes. Paul Fisher is a hero while his brother, Erik, is not and Mrs. Fisher also has traits of heroism. Paul Fisher is a hero because he puts others before himself despite personal danger and because he does the right thing without need for personal gain. Paul helps people during the sinkhole incident at lake Windser Middle School. He saves other classmates and teachers from the portable classrooms, ensuring their safety (80). This shows Paul is brave and willing to protect his classmates in a horrible accident. Besides the sinkhole, Paul aids to the Cruz family during the freeze. He brings wood to Luis and chopped ice off trees, doing whatever they could to get a majority of them saved (214, 215). Paul helps the Cruz family without being asked to. He lies to his mom so she would let him stay and help (210, 213). Paul was committed to save the tangerine trees of Tangerine. Since Paul is friendly to people, he always has his friends backs and he understands them. Paul defended fire fighter Wayne when Mr. Fisher strongly complained about his unprofessional appearance (22). Paul figured that Wayne didn’t deserve a complaint when he knew what he was talking about. Paul also gave Joey Costello advice to move schools and become a War Eagle (121). Joey took the advice and moved schools, and he joined their soccer team. Paul didn’t want Joey to be unhappy with his new school hours, so he suggested Tangerine High. Paul looks out for his friends and is very encouraging. Besides Paul Fisher being a hero, his mom, Mrs. Fisher, also shows examples of heroism. Mrs. Fisher is a helpful citizen and cares about everyone’s safety. She hosts a parent gathering to discuss their sons’ football practice times (54- 55). Mrs. Fisher tries changing practice times so no other player will be struck by lightning, like Mike Costello. Additionally, Mrs. Fisher shows her safety concerns to Paul’s school about his eyesight, so he could have extra help (24). She wanted to do what was best for Paul but she wanted him to have to opportunity to play soccer. When Paul moved schools, she realized the best thing would be is not to inform them about him eye conditions, that way he would be able to play soccer. Not only is Mrs. Fisher concerned about safety; she is also supportive to her family and friends. Mrs. Fisher supports Erik by attending his football games (124, 125). She encourages and cheers for Erik while he kicks. She is proud of his hard work and accomplishments. Another way Mrs. Fisher is supportive is when she shows sympathy to the Costello family. Mrs. Fisher attends Mike Costello’s funeral and explains how sorry she was and gives love and supportive gestures to acknowledge her sympathy. While Paul Fisher and Mrs. Fisher both are explained through heroism, Erik Fisher is a non-hero. Erik is very selfish and only cares about him and has success as an individual. Erik is an amazing kicker; he always bragged about his skills and was convinced that he will be a star one-day. All he cares about is football and his future of football (20, 21). Erik thought he was better than everyone else. He was happy when Mike was killed because he knew he would benefit from it (51). Furthermore, Erik is also a non-hero because he is a bully. Erik makes fun of Joey because he tried to take off his brother’s shoes when he was dead. Erik didn’t know the real reason why he did that, he just noticed it and judged him poorly (110). Erik doesn’t care about how anyone feels or how he makes him or her feel; he amuses himself with their emotional pain. Erik also makes fun of Paul about his glasses. Erik called Paul â€Å"Eclipse Boy† and made up stories about how Paul’s eyesight failed (2, 54). Heroism is someone that puts others before themselves and is a role model. Paul and Mrs. Fisher are both heroes while Erik is not. The author wrote this story because he is a middle school teacher and wanted to share a story that exampled students in ways they are heroes. There are more heroes than there are non-heroes. Edward Bloor wrote this book for middle age kids so he tried to focus on the positive sides of people. There are heroes all around you but everyone has non-hero moments, you should learn from your mistakes.

Examine The Role Of The Mental Health Nurse Social Work Essay

Examine The Role Of The Mental Health Nurse Social Work Essay Within this essay the authors aim is to explore the challenges and opportunities of integrating the Ten Essential Shared Capabilities (ESC) into the day to day running of mental health practice. The author will also take into account Values Based Practice, Recovery, Interpersonal Relationships and Service User and Carer involvement. Aswell as the 10 ESC there are a set of values which all mental health staff should follow. They are the Values Based Practice and it is about being aware of , and looking in a positive and respectful manner at peoples differences, beliefs and values regardless of status for example service user, carer, family or colleagues. (Coyte et al. 2007) There are 10 points to good values based practice which staff should adhere to. They are broken down into the following : Values Based Practice and Evidence Based Practice : The squeaky wheel principal (values only noticed if problematic), The two feet principal (evidence-based and values-based practice). Practice Skills : Awareness, Knowledge, Reasoning and Communication Models of Service Delivery : Multi-disciplinary, User Centred Partnership : Service User and the Carer working in partnership in decision making. The four main Practice Skills in values-based practice are also prominent in many if not all of the 10 ESC, all of which are required in building a working therapeutic relationship between service user and staff. Interpersonal relationships between service users and staff are very different from social relationships in that these relationships are built up on the same principles of respect, trust, good communication and understanding, but the service user, nurse relationship should be a therapeutic and helpful relationship rather than a social one (Guimon 2003). This relationship is essential in ensuring that there is a supportive and solid route of recovery established. Everyone has a different view on what recovery is and no one persons journey is the same as another. Recovery is all about initially having a belief that things can and will change. Some people may want a complete change in the way they live while others may want to return to how they lived before. Supporting recovery is all about assisting the person to live as fulfilling and positive life as possible, involving the service user and their carer and supporting them to take control of their own recovery (Scottish Recovery Network 2007). The author feels that the expertise to the mental health issues are the service user , carer and their family support structure and that this is a positive route onto their journey of recovery. The main issue that staff could come across may be if the service user does not have any of the support structure that comes from a network of family, friends and professionals or if the service user themselves does not want to involve any of the above support. This is where staff and the MDT (Multi-Disciplinary Team) may have to offer other methods or ways to support the service user on their recovery journey. Ideally, getting the service user and carer involved, by making sure that they are involved in all decision making concerning treatment would enable them to take more control of their care and treatment. However this can be challenging in that when trying to find a balance and working out what is holistically best for the service user conflicting ideas may come out, but by establishing a therapeutic relationship between the service user and staff this should help with any trust issues and enabling a better understanding and ensuring that there is a favourable outcome that can be agreed upon. The 10 Essential Shared Capabilities (ESC) are: Working in Partnership Respecting Diversity Practising Ethically Challenging Inequality Promoting Recovery Identifying Peoples Needs and Strengths Providing Service User Centred Care Making a Difference Promoting Safety and Positive Risk Taking Personal Development and Learning Working in partnership is all about building up a relationship with the service user, their family, carers and any outside services that are required to be involved in the care of the person. (Barker 2009) Staff should offer support and empower the person to enable them to have an active role in controlling their own treatment and care, with all aspects of their care being taken into account. Making sure that the whole partnership are aware of the information and advice that is available to them to enable an informed choice regarding the most suitable care is made available. Although, working in partnership sounds good in theory, all involved in the partnership are required to put in the work to ensure that it works successfully. The staff can offer services for both service user and carers but they may not agree or want to attend. If this happens then something needs to be put in place which would benefit all parties and that they all agree on, if any of the party do not want to attend or take notice of services provided then this is their choice and confirms their ability to choose. When respecting diversity it is to have an understanding of someones values, race, sexuality, age, mental health, religion and physical state. Staff need to ensure that everyone in their care are treated to proper care, treatment and support also that they are treated with dignity and respect no matter what their personal circumstances or cultural values area (Stickley and Basset 2008).

Real Face Of Terrorism :: essays research papers

Terrorism in the Webster’s New American Dictionary is defined as â€Å"the systematic use of intense fear as a means of coercion.† In this day and age, the term terrorism is more than just the use of intense fear as a means of coercion but includes the use of terrorism as a means of revenge and pure sport and also as a means of suppression. While the dictionaries definitions says that it is the use coercion to promote certain ideologies, some of the most cleverly hidden terrorism today is the terrorism used to suppress some ideologies or certain ethnic groups or societies. The popular image of terrorism is of extremist groups trying to rebel or promote their ideologies by blowing up airplanes, buses, government buildings, or taking hostages. By defining terrorism thoroughly, we can begin to look at what terrorism is really about. The use of terror is usually a tool to promote ideologies according to the dictionary but what about the use of terror for revenge? After the Serb withdrawal from Kosovo this past month, there was a rash of terrorist acts committed by Albanians against Serbs. The Serb civilian population of Kosovo was not a threat to the Albanians but the violence against them was not one of coercion but of revenge. The hostage crisis at the American embassy in Teheran twenty years ago was another example of terrorism based on revenge. While that incident involved the political theme of the revolution in Iran and the authorities used it to promote their Islamic ideology, those that carried out the hostage crisis took over the embassy in a fit of rage and under the euphoria of anger against anything American. They had already achieved their goal, which was to rid the American backed Shah who ruled the country with terror; the hostage crisis was merely an outburst of revenge against the west. Terrorism is not just coercion, but it also revenge. The use of terror to punish the victim and remind them of what the enactor of the terror had felt . There are other examples of terrorism that fit under revenge but those are a combination of revenge and political or social coercion. Revenge motivated extremist groups with political or social coercion are well publicized but how are their actions different from that of states? The terrorism that comes to mind is of the PLO hijacking Israeli airplanes or Ben Laden bombing the American embassies in Africa.

The Use of the Peremptory Challenge in the U.S. Legal System Essay

The Use of the Peremptory Challenge in the U.S. Legal System Over 80 million Americans alive today have been called to jury duty at some point in their lives (Henley 5). Out of these 80 million individuals, roughly 30% (or 24 million) have been eliminated from the jury selection process due to the use of peremptory challenges (5). According to Black’s Law Dictionary, a peremptory challenge is a challenge that â€Å"need not be supported by any reason.† Although these challenges are commonplace in today’s courts, several Supreme Court cases have questioned the constitutionality of their place in the legal system. This paper will explore the history of peremptory challenges, theories behind them, a few pertinent cases, and reform progress. The History of Peremptory Challenges What many American do not realize is that the concept of peremptory challenges has been around since the Roman era, but controversy over the topic in America did not come about until the twentieth century (Henley 1). Under Roman law, each litigant was allowed to select 100 jurors and then strike as many as 50 people from the jury pool (1). English Common law allowed the defendant 35 peremptory challenges, while the prosecution had an unlimited amount (1). This system was alive in England until 1305 when Parliament outlawed the prosecution’s right to peremptory challenges (1). It took over 600 years for Parliament to do the same with the rights to challenges for defendants in 1988 (1). The American legal system, being based on British common law, has always allowed for the use of peremptory challenges. One reasoning behind this fact is the American tradition of challenges (6). To be exact, the reason we continue to use peremptory challenges ... ...n A. Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th ed. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Group, 1990. Georgia v. McCollum, 505 U.S. 42; 112 S. Ct. 2348, 120 L.Ed.2d 33 (1992). Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352; 111 S. Ct. 1859, 114 L.Ed.2d 395 (1991). Jury Research Services. Ed. Jeffrey T. Frederick, Ph.D. YEAR. National Legal Research Group. 14 January 2004 National Constitution Center. Ed. Sara Hoffman. 2004. â€Å"Third Circuit Upholds Faith- Based Peremptory Challenge.† 21 February 2004 Public Law Research Institute. Ed. Patricia Henley. 1996. â€Å"Improving the Jury System: Peremptory Challenges.† University of California, Hastings College of Law. 11 January 2004

Modernist Style in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Modernist's Experiments in Heart of Darkness In Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, a chaotic form of writing takes place which is characteristic of the Modernist's experiments in their style of literature of stream-of-consciousness. Written before WWI took place, he spoke of a different type of chaos and uncertainty present in the world at this time; the issue of slavery. Heart of Darkness describes a voyage to Africa, common for the British still, despite the horrific treatment which was apparent of colonization. The chaotic, stream-of-consciousness style Conrad took on helped to display the confusion, and made the reader have to interpret for themselves what they thought the writer meant. Conrad experiments with this style, leaving some sentences without ending: "not a sentimental pretense but an idea;†¦something you can set up†¦and offer a sacrifice to†¦." (Conrad, Longman p. 2195), a very choppy form of literature and causes the reader to fill in the holes and interpret themselves, alone. Conrad skips about from talking of the "two women knitted black wool feverishly" at the gate of the city (of hell), to his aunt which he feels women are "out of touch with truth," to how the British are as "weak-eyed devil(s) of a rapacious and pitiless folly" (Conrad, Longman pp. 2198, 2199, & 2202). Conrad's mind moves about as ours d o along a large duration of literary monologue to convey to the reader the author's ideas, as interpreted by the reader. Conrad's narrative frame also continues his experimentation with literary form in Modernist style. Two separate monologues are present throughout Heart of Darkness. The first part starts out with an unnamed narrator aboard the ship Nelly, describing to himself, as well as to the reader, those aboard the ship, particularly Marlow. At first, the narrator is not known for sure to be a character aboard the ship until a few paragraphs later identify him as a person observing the others-"Between us there was, as I have already said," (Conrad, Longman p.

Creative Play Essay

Creative development is provided within settings through role play, music, dance and messy activities. Creativity can stem to a range of other things to, such as problem solving, knowledge and understanding of the world, Personal social and emotional development and physical development. When creative activities are set out for children they can gain a great deal of satisfaction and it can increase the child’s confidence and self esteem. Children do not necessarily have an end product in mind but they may just want to explore and enjoy the creative materials they are using. Children are learning all the time and we as practitioners need to make learning fun and enjoyable. It is important that we provide enough opportunities for children to develop creatively we can do this by providing resources that they may not have access to at home and offering support in exploring these materials. As practitioners we are good observers and reflectors and should encourage children to reflect on their experiences to. From children’s reflections you can then look at where an activity should go next and how you can adapt that activity to support the individual child’s learning. Children can learn from as young as newborn. They begin to learn skills such as grasp, facial expression, textures, smells and sounds. The first sign of a child’s creativity begins with exploring sounds and listening to familiar voices around them. They may link these sounds to key people such as their parents, siblings, grandparents or carers. The process of a newborn is to become familiar with its surroundings and to sense a gain of belonging. They can gain this from bonding with its parents. As the child gets older they begin to learn new skills and have more opportunities in which they are able to explore. They become more inquisitive and like to have free flow of activities within the setting they are in and practitioners need to encourage them to explore the surroundings without taking charge of their play. For babies we offer opportunities for them to explore a wide range of materials and resources such as musical and light toys and natural ‘holistic’ objects such as brushes, wool, saucepans, utensils, wood, sponges and a range of different textured fabrics. Babies use the senses to acquire the skills of play they explore by using their hands and eyes. Children gradually learn to understand the properties of the objects that they played with – whether they are hard or soft, or big or small; whether the have a ight or a wrong way up; whether their shape changes or stays the same; whether they taste or smell good, and so on. Babies learn so much from exploratory play and we as practitioners provide them with a safe and secure place to do this. We let the children take risks which they may not be able to do at home such as having out blunt cutlery, pasta and other exciting and interesting objects in which they can play with and learn from. Children are more likely to l earn through play if you make it exciting for them and you help in supporting their play. When supporting children within their play you should aim to provide minimum intervention in children’s play activities while keeping them safe from harm. You should support rather than direct their play and help create a play environment that will stimulate their self directed play and provide maximum opportunities for them to experience a wide variety of activities. You can show support within children’s play by providing flexible planning and enable them to choose from a broad range of play opportunities both indoors and outdoors. You should support their play by giving the child a choice of whether or not they wish to be involved in the play activity. By giving the child plenty of space to play especially when they are taking part in physical and imaginative play and to provide challenging play opportunities to avoid boredom; risk taking is part of the enjoyment of play. Creative play allows children to express their feelings through art, music, role play, singing and story telling. It is important that as practitioners we introduce new concepts of play to children in order to expand on their existing knowledge. When supporting a child in creative play practitioners should not stress that they are to produce an end product, and that there is no competition to who produces the best piece of work as children develop at different levels and stages. Practitioners should support the fact that the child has had a learning experience whether they have just explored the resources and materials or they have reached the end product. All children should be praised for the efforts they have made and feel pride in what they have achieved and learnt and we should support children in not being disappointed in their efforts of creative play. Children’s creative development is broken down into 4 sections these are responding to experiences, expressing and communicating ideas, exploring media and materials, Creating music and dance and developing imagination and imaginative play. Children need the opportunity to explore and investigate and have a sound knowledge of where they want to go in life. Creativity can give your child a chance to experience and develop new skills and sharing their knowledge and skills with others It is a way in which children explore and develop an understanding of the world. Through creative play children develop social, material, and imaginary worlds and their relationships with them, they elaborate all the while a flexible range of responses to the challenges that they may encounter. Creativity plays a part in all the learning areas within the foundation stage for example; Personal, social and emotional development, creativity builds upon a child’s curiosity and encourages a positive approach to new experiences.

Counter Terrorism Policies and Organizations in Iran

On the bright sunny morning of September 11, Al Qaeda terrorists organized one of the most destructive attacks the world has ever seen. They hijacked four commercial planes using them as weapons for annihilation. Two planes full of passengers were flown directly into the twin towers of the World Trade Center immediately killing thousands of people. The third plane targeted the Pentagon and the hijackers of the fourth plane aimed to hit Washington DC but the passengers fought back crashing the plane in Pennsylvania.The terrorists carefully and patiently devised this plan of attack which was never foreseen by the American government. Instantly, then President George Bush vowed that fighting terrorism would be his administration’s top priority. This 9/11incident is one of the many attacks that molded the image of terrorism all over the world. This fateful incident led the leaders of the world to make a commitment to fight terrorism (Gjelten). The war on terrorism is a seemingly e ndless fight.Some people say that this is a political war; others say that this is merely a clash of ideologies most specifically Islamic ideologies against the world but the raison d'etre behind every act of terror does not matter because the very act itself produces the same result- terrorism continues to steal thousands of innocent lives and strike terror in the hearts of people all throughout the world. In order to respond to these attacks, countries from all ends of the world met and created laws in order to prevent the admission of terrorists.The worsening crisis in terrorism paved the way to the enactment of the adoption of Anti-terrorism policies by the Justice and Home Affairs Council of the European Countries on June 13, 2002. The policy describes the different forms of terrorist attack as well as the corresponding penalties keeping in mind the most sacred and fundamental human rights. The anti-terrorism campaign also includes several courses of action for the battle again st international organized crimes. Through the cooperation of EU Countries, the member states adopted a uniform policy on visas thereby lessening illegal immigration.On December 6, 2001, the United States and the EUROPOL agreed to share strategic and technical information concerning several policies about the manner of prevention and investigation of combating serious international crimes (â€Å"Reinforcement of EU Policy against Terrorism†). The United States have several laws against terrorist even before the 9/11 attack. The US Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) provided that an alien who had been engaged in terrorist activity or those under suspicion of being a terrorist cannot enter the United States territory.Terrorist activity has been defined as any violent attack against persons, assassinations including hijacking planes and using chemical or nuclear weapons and any similar activity. Shortly after the 9/11 attack, the USA Patriot Act provided a wider definition of terrorist activity which now includes any person who have taken advantage of any position whether public or private to endorse aid or abet any terrorist activity or organization (Schoenholtz & Hojaiban).In a joint effort to capture members of the Kurdisan Workers’ party, Turkey and Iraq finalized negotiations regarding counter- terrorism agreement allowing Turkey to engage in hot pursuit of PKK terrorists at its base in northern Iraq (Anti-Terror Group, 2007). Iran is one of the countries that contributed greatly in terrorism. They have a special relationship with the Islamic Jihad due to the fact that they get paid for building nuclear weapons for them. They also played a great role in the war between Israel and Pakistan.They provide training and weapons for the war soldiers. Yonah Alexander, an expert in counter-terrorism said that in order to start negotiations with Iran, the past events and policies of the country in connection with terrorism must first be taken into con sideration. In 1980, the United States Embassy in Beirut was bombed by the Islamic Jihad resulting in the death and injuries of several people. About twenty eight years ago, the United States failed to rescue the hostages taken in the Embassy in Iran.An important point to consider way back then was that it was difficult to plan anti-terrorism measures because the times did not call for it unlike today. Just recently, Iran’s nuclear-making operations were suspended because of the inquiries made by several countries who had been alarmed by such activity. The investigation of IAEA led to the discovery of eighteen years of hidden nuclear activities. Even though Iran answered several questions, many remained unconvinced.On October 2003, after the Iraq invasion, Iran joined the International Atomic Energy Agency and signed a protocol stating that they support and promote its safeguard procedures (Cochran). In 2007, the Iranian Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki made a statement sa ying that Iran is willing to consider talks with the United States on Iraq even after the United States Ambassador in Baghdad; Ryan Crocker made a complaint about the participation of Iran in terrorist activity by extending supports by supplying weapons and training to terrorists.Several attempts towards negotiations have been made by Iran but were rejected by the United States. Indeed, it is seemingly hard to forge anti-terrorist strategy with Iran considering that it gives support to terrorist activity but no matter what the situation is, Iran is also a country that realized how much they wanted change and hw much they desire a different way of life for its people so there is a possibility that peace and negotiation talks might happen (Winer, 2007). Policy makers all throughout the world have different ideas and strategies but they all lead to one goal, which is to win the fight against terrorism.It is greatly devastating to see millions of innocent lives being lost and it is prec isely because of this reason that in this type of battle, nobody ever wins. The value of human life is nothing compared to a political belief or an ideology. The most effective way of fighting terrorism is to stop them before they get a chance to execute their plan. However, no matter how good the intentions are in enacting these laws, the extreme policies of several countries should also undergo some changes. The definition of terrorist and suspected terrorist should be reevaluated so as not to prejudice innocent people who are also seeking refuge.Indeed, the counter- terrorism negotiations with Iran has been on a rough road but through patience and constant communication, many people strongly believe that it will soon be achieved. An important thing to consider in opening renegotiations is that Iran should declare every detail and surrender all its accounts concerning their development of nuclear programs. They should also make a stand that they would severe all their efforts in s upporting terrorism. It is important to keep in mind that the main reason why everybody is uniting against terrorism is to protect the people and not to push them directly in harm’s way.Works Cited Anti-Terror Group. 2007. †Turkey, Iraq to sigh counter-terrorism deal, hot pursuit on agenda†. PKKterror. com. 22 April 2009 http://www. pkkterror. com/content/view/711/27/> Gjelten, T. 2009. â€Å"September 11 Attacks. † Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 22 April 2009. â€Å"Reinforcement of EU Policy against Terrorism†. 2005. Hellenic Republic, Embassy of Greece. 22 April 2009 Schoenholtz, Andrew and Jeniffer Hojaiban. 2008. â€Å" International Migration and Anti-Terrorism Laws and Policies; Balancing Security and Refugee Protection†. Institute for the Study of International Migration Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University. 22 April 2009.

Multicultural in school setting Essay

The article, what makes a school multicultural? talks about social change in the society. The concept of multiculturalism has not been clarified but everyone has an idea of what it is and they are thus left to judge with their believes and biases. The article is well written and talks of the 21st century as a century that is very sensitive to culture focused on international matters as a way of getting orientation to the future because industrial changes that are taking place have caused the environment to suffer greatly. Multiculturalism has been shown to promote respect for all different type of people from the various races (Roysircar & Sandhu, 2003). The schools according to this article regard themselves as multicultural because of the diversity that they have racially and ethnically. The article does not however give a clear answer as to if; this is what makes the schools to be multicultural. The article discusses multiculturalism in the schools as an imperative of the law and the society. It also says that diversity should be valued. The article says that for a school to be considered as a multicultural it should implement it policies, perspectives, programs, practices and personnel to have a reflection on the heterogeneity of the affirmative action, which is dynamic. It should also be sensitive to needs of the groups, which include the student population. They should also be in a position to create an ambiance socially and culturally. The schools overall mission should be incorporated by its policies. The article says that the society is changing in a rapid rate and this is what forces the schools to also embrace the changes. Question #1 Opportunities and challenges that ethnic diversity poses to our society and our schools (N. Y) Some of the opportunities that the ethnic diversity poses to our society are that, it allows the people to immigrate into the other countries. For example, the United States has many immigrants who have come from different parts of the world some to work and some to learn. We have seen that many students who have are immigrants perform very well in schools due to availability of resources. It is also important to educate children about ethnic diversity so that they can understand about the stereotypes and the negativism that is directed towards various groups of people. When students get to learn that their ethnic group is valued, they get a very high self-esteem and become confident that they are indeed living in a society that is free. Some of the challenges brought about by this diversity are that, the society lacks a common heritage on which to base its education system on (Roysircar & Sandhu, 2003). Ethnic Diversity poses issues of insecurity in New York and majority of other countries through terrorism in the society because people especially the Muslims are stereotyped to be involved in many bombings. Ethnic diversity faces prejudices because it is regarded to be the cause of some of the social problems that are modern. These problems are unemployment, competition among groups in the society and in general the urban decay. Especially when the economy is not doing, well the minority in the New York are undermined. For the schools, they become flooded and the children end up dropping out. In addition, the college education becomes expensive for the immigrants since they are in a foreign land. Question #2: Contributions of the Arab Americans in the society and Challenges that they face. Arab American have greatly contributed to America in the sense that, they have lawyers educators and doctors among them in America. They are hence are in a position to help fight against diseases such as cancer and leukemia. Danny Thomas who was an Arab American Doctor, helped to establish a cancer centre for children that bore his name and today so many American children have benefited from this foundation. They have also helped America to diversify its cultures and languages, which even though it required a huge funding they were able to raise it with time. They also hold other positions that American can hold and hence contribute to the economy in the same measure. The Arab Americans face the challenge of being distrusted. This makes the Arab Americans feel that America is being unjustifiably hostile towards them. However, as much as the mistrust exists, majority of the Arab American love America (Donaldson, 2001). They also face the challenge of racism, misinformation about their history, discrimination and negative stereotyping. A stereotype goes that says they are the majority in the American prisons. The misconception about Arab Americans is spread through teachers, peers and mostly through the media, which depicts them as terrorist in movies. To solve some of the challenges that face them, the media has to change its stand and support the Arab Americans so that they can be treated equally in the society. If this does not happen the Arab Americans have, the task of having to work more than they have usually work in order to be treated equally it the society (Pope-Davis, 2003). REFERENCES Donaldson, K. (2001). Shattering the denial: protocols for the classroom and beyond. London. Greenwood Publishing Group, Pope-Davis, D. (2003). Handbook of multicultural competencies in counseling & psychology. London. SAGE. Roysircar, G. & Sandhu, D. (2003). Multicultural competencies: a guidebook of practices. Dublin. AMCD. Rosado, C. (1995). Critical Multicultural Pavilion: what makes a school multicultural? Print viewed on July 24th, 2010. http://www. edchange. org/multicultural/papers/caleb/multicultural. html

No Man’s Land Essay

I tiptoe through the night, scared for even my sweat to make the slightest noise as it drips off my face and onto the ground. I am not thinking of anything at the moment but my survival and how my life will be once I am free of the Soviet grip around my wrists. My heart feels like it is breaking through my ribs and protruding out of my chest with every breath I take as I run faster and faster towards the barrier that has incarcerated me over the years. As I throw myself over the eleven-foot concrete wall with barbed wire at the top, I can hear gunshots all around, and I pray they are not intended for me. I hit the cold, hard ground on the other side, but I am not even close to being safe any time soon. I am in no mans land now. I would be better off asking for someone to shoot me than to make it out of here alive. I have only one chance. At least that is how I imagined it would have been like if I were in trapped in the tribulations of East Berlin trying to escape into the desired West Berlin between 1961 and 1989. However, it is a gray December day in 2004, and if it weren’t for remains of the Iron Curtain and Checkpoint Charlie, people would not be able to relive that part of history or be reminded of the dictator that destroyed so many lives. The temperature was eight degrees Celsius as the gloomy sky attempted to cough up snow onto Berlin. Before that moment I had only heard of the Berlin Wall through history books and stories. I would sit and listen to travelers tales told by my courageous father who had walked through Checkpoint Charlie and into East Berlin in seventy-five. He told me how he had to exchange West Berlin money into East Berlin money at Checkpoint Charlie before entering East Berlin. Then going back into West Berlin he had to drop it in a rusty tin can at Check Point Charlie because you were not allowed to keep East Berlin money. He witnessed two tourists getting assaulted by the guards for trying to smuggle East Berlin money into West Berlin. My only expectations of Berlin came from the adventures of my dad. I expected Checkpoint Charlie to be a barricade miles long with tollbooths that have the arms that swing up and down. Similar to the tollbooths that run across the freeways of really large cities, or at the airports you go through after short-term parking. Once you pass through the chomping arms of the tollbooths I imagined East Berlin to be scattered with desolate buildings and run down streets. But as I approached the once controlling wall and Checkpoint Charlie I realized nothing was as I imagined it at all. It was like walking down any other street in a big city. A few people who were always pushing their way through the gaps that opened up between the wandering men and women, obviously in more of a hurry than anyone else on the street. Christmas lights clung to the tall buildings that ran down the streets of Berlin. People popped in and out of the busy stores, squeezing their last bit of Christmas shopping in before the Holiday. Suddenly the bustle of people slowed like a murmur in time as I stood right before the Berlin Wall and Checkpoint Charlie which are now surrounded by the commercial buildings of downtown Berlin. My gaze dropped to an engraved brick in the ground that now serves as a commemorative plaque for the Berlin Wall. A chill ran from the tip of my toes all the way to the ends of my hair as I realized how lucky I was to be standing right there in no mans land. I can now speak of the Berlin Wall, not as hearsay from a history book, but as a memory. No mans land, a memorial now, is where 171 people who attempted to escape into West Berlin were shot, and left to bleed to death like a deer on the side of the road. This area contained walls on either side with mines and stern East Berlin guards to make it almost impossible to escape. As I stood in the middle of no mans land facing East Berlin, I looked over my left and my right shoulders only to see black, wooden crosses a little taller than I am. The crosses looked as if snow had only given them the pleasure of its company and nothing else around them, when really it was just white sand covering the ground. I took a deep breath in as if I was trying to swallow it into my memory, making sure to keep it forever. I am motionless. Where the median strip of the road would have been, an American soldier’s somber picture was enlarged and hoisted up on a pole staring out towards West Berlin. On the opposite side was a Russian Soldier keeping close watch over East Berlin. Below the soldiers’ pictures was Checkpoint Charlie. Wilted flowers surrounded this one room shack that once controlled the passage of people from East to West Berlin. Now it also stands as a memorial for people who died crossing over into West Berlin. On either side of me, there were remains of the wall still standing. I got an eerie feeling as I stared at them. My sense of time was completely altered. There I stood at one of the most historical sites imagining what it would have been like to be boxed in by a concrete wall that was suffocating you more and more each day. But when I looked around I was in the middle of one of the largest cities in Germany. It was like time slowed when I was walking through no mans land, but everything else around no mans land and Checkpoint Charlie was full of life. I was in my own little bubble. I walked about a block and returned to the normal noises and the packed sidewalks of what use to be the Soviet controlled East Berlin. My view of Berlin has been altered for the better, with a greater understanding of the saying â€Å"seeing is believing.†

A case Study of Football Association of Wales Strategic Plan Essay

A case Study of Football Association of Wales Strategic Plan - Essay Example There is also a strong competition for both local and regional clubs. There are several professional players who compete at the national as well as the international level. There are many institutions that support and make contributions to different aspects of Welsh football, but the most outstanding of these groups has to be the Football Association of Wales (The Football Association of Wales, 2010). The Football Association of Wales is the governing body that controls football activities in Wales. FAW was formed in 1876, making it the third oldest national association on earth. FAW is a member of international football bodies such as UEFA and FIFA. It is also a member of the (IFAB) International Football Association Board. As the national football governing body in Wales, one of the duties of FAW is to run all the international teams which include the ‘A’ team, Under 17, Under 19, Under 21, Women’s Under 19, Women’s Under 17, Women’s and the Semi-Professional teams. Another important duty of FAW is to deal with all disciplinary cases involving teams and players who are associated with the body. The purpose of this paper is to examine Advanced Football management practices in Wales (Penny, 2008).

Business ethic case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business ethic case - Essay Example â€Å"In the end, racist behavior by employees lands at the door of corporate executives. They face a dilemma: If they admit theres a problem, the company is exposed to lawsuits and negative publicity. But denial only makes matters worse. Until more employers confront the rise of ugly racism head on, Americans will continue to see behavior they thought belonged to a more ignominious age† (Bernstein, 2010). If employers confront this behavior, they can act on their impulse for social justice, and seriously influence company policy. There are many stakeholders in the modern company, when one considers racism in terms of issues of causality, intention, and understanding. Different areas of the company can share the responsibility, even if the company ownership and directors must bear the ultimate responsibility. For it is the leadership of the company that determines its direction, and in eliminating bias, leadership can set an example as well as effective policy. Bias is being subjectively favorable towards one group or conclusion even when faced with contrary evidence. It can be applied to a person’s race, gender, nationality, sexuality, disability, or other variables. For example, whether positive or negative a lot of reportage on African Americans tends to deal more with an in-group perceiving an out-group than a true cultural synthesis of understanding. This is far from a comprehensive definition of discrimination, which can also include social decisions that are based on the gender, disability, or r ace of a perceived group, to name just a few possible delineations. The cause for most discrimination and prejudice in the workplace is the fostering of stereotypes that seek to assay out-group homogeneity from the perspective of the oppressor. This oppressor is also seen to organize the future of the system through a media system that emphasizes paternalist authority, causing psychological damage through discrimination of

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing - Assignment Example Martha should subdivide the market further. There are a lot of professional women who does not stay at home and who are equally busy as men. There are also students, single women, etch. What Martha should initially target are the house wives who stays at home that takes care of the children. They are the natural market of Trap-Ease it protects the infants and toddlers from the threat of poisoning of other rodent control products. But Martha should not stop with the mothers, she should include the fathers too which is another segment of the market. In fact, the right market segmentation for the product is not merely stay home housewives but should be parents. But given the outlay of the investors that she needs to recoup, this market segment may not enough to cover the cost. So she should expand her market to other segments like business establishments who has the same need for rodent control. This is a promising market for Trap-Ease as the product is nicely designed that would not be an eye sore in a corporate setting. Also, it is ideal for this market for it will spare the workplace from the foul smell of a rodent brought by other similar product category. 4) Describe the current marketing mix for Trap-Ease.

Biology in Everyday Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biology in Everyday Life - Essay Example With the awareness of the risks impacted by rapid spread of this species, marine ecologists strive to find out the most appropriate management response (Siggins, 2014). This specific invasive species is costing millions of money because of loss of biodiversity and impact on human health and economic activity especially in Ireland, where it has been reported in the article (Siggins, 2014). The article sheds light on the spread of invasive species, which relates well to the course, which discusses invasive species. However, the course content does not expressly cover this specific invasive species, which can be explained by the fact that there are many invasive species in the world, which cannot be covered in this course. The course provides information on how invasive species affect other species in a given area, which has helped me understand the nature of the Didemnum vexillum, which is threatening to displace other sea species in the area and consequently have devastating effects on the environment and the economy (Hierro & Callaway, 2003). The article caught my attention from the fact it is affecting ocean environment, which clearly shows how serious it is. Previously, I thought it was not possible to have invasive species in ocean since it is vast and hence cannot be easily invaded. The article has changed my perception and expanded my knowledge on invasive species which to be present in almost every possible environment (Hierro & Callaway, 2003). The threat to ocean is real from this invasive species and can indirectly affect me as it displaces valuable sea species, which contribute to economies of nations across the world. The species also has enormous effect on environment as it affects the balance created by existing species where it colonises (Hierro & Callaway, 2003). Research on this invasive species should be increased to understand its nature and the best way of curbing its

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure - Essay Example One of the rules relating to federal rules and civil procedure states that the US district judge has the ultimate authority in courtroom legal procedure and a very important role in advancing common law practice and establishing new positions. It further asserts that the district court judge applies the substantive laws of the state when making such decisions. A case of Zubulake v. UBS that was heard between 2003 and 2005 in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York explores the states stand on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure on the topic. According to Ney Yorks’ legal framework, the court holds that attorneys are obligated to ensure all relevant information documents are discovered, retained, and produced. In regard to the above discussed legal structure, it is evident that New York adopted the rules of civil procedure which addresses the role of counsel in

Case Study Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case Study Report - Essay Example alue of the Napster brand, and our revenues could suffer if we are not able to maintain its high level of recognition in the digital music sector and c) We may not successfully develop new products and services† (Napster, 2010). These have been chosen from the list as provided in the case. A set of recommendations have been set out for the company based on the above mentioned risks. Firstly, to improve the customer retention and to use churn models along with customer relationship marketing to reduce the customer attrition to a great extent. Secondly, it is advisable that the company considers a brand extension to be able to keep up their market position and brand image. Napster has brought about a new brand and a very useful programme for friends and family to share music online in a simpler and effective manner. The company was started in 1998 and 1999 by a young Shawn Fanning and the system was then known as Peer to Peer. Although the company only operates within United States, the company was a big hit among the customers and there was a clear interest in people across the world as this was a very effective way of sharing music online. However, the success of the company was short lived and the company was faced with a number of lawsuits by the recording companies and others. The main aim of this paper however is to focus on the marketing techniques and marketing mix of the company and to assess the company’s marketing mix. The paper will deal with each of the 7 P’s of marketing and will evaluate the company’s performance based on the same. Also the paper will develop strategies for the company to be able to deal with the perceived risks and will help provide recommendations to the company. The next section will deal with the evaluation of the marketing mix used by the company. The aim of this section is to discuss the 7 P’s of marketing and the position of Napster in the markets based on the 7 Ps. The section provides a clear analysis of the

Effect of drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effect of drugs - Essay Example This paper seeks to discuss the causes and effects of drug use. Overwhelming evidence suggest that most of drug users get into drugs at their teen age. Therefore, it can be safely assumed that their fellow friends lure most of them into drugs. Peer influence causes individuals to experiment with the drugs in the hope that they will fit perfectly in their peer groups. With the fear of rejecting the offer of their friends, they begin by taking small amounts of various drugs such as marijuana, crack cocaine among others. With time, this becomes the lifestyle and a way of life. When addiction sets in, it becomes difficult to quit using drugs. As an effect, users become dependent on drugs and therefore have to engage in criminal activities such as robbery to raise money for drugs. The peer groups gradually graduate from just peer groups to criminal gangs (Hanson et al 138-143). Human beings are characterized by curiosity to experiment new things in life. drug use is sometimes associated with exaggerated good feeling and a sense of command. This can be seen in beer and cigarette advertisement. Curious individuals who are unaware of potential drug addiction seek to experiment with the drugs. Their aim is usually to have a little experience with the drugs, at least for a short while. However, not all the individuals who experiment the drug experience are disciplined enough to quit after the experience. More often than not, they end up using more of the drugs and within no time, they become addicted. What began as an experiment ends up as a drug addiction. With little will to quit, drug users become aggressive, violent, withdrawn, and less responsible. It becomes difficult to meet personal obligations and life becomes a waste (Wilson and Kolande 80-83). Whereas freewill plays an important role in decision making in life, the social environment in which people grow determines the